夏玉米产量与光温生产效率差异分析——以山东省为例

Analysis of Gap Between Yield and Radiation Production Efficiency and Temperature Production Efficiency in Summer Maize:Taking Shandong Province as an Example

【目的】研究夏玉米各产量层次之间的物质生产及资源利用能力,量化山东省夏玉米籽粒产量与光、温资源利用效率的差异,明确农业生产条件和栽培措施对产量差及效率差的贡献率,探讨产量差、效率差协同缩减的可能性,为缩小夏玉米产量差距、提升资源利用效率提供理论依据。【方法】本试验于2017—2018年在山东省泰安、淄博和烟台3市进行,针对山东夏玉米生产调研出的问题,在同一地块采用综合管理模式,从合理密植、优化肥水、增产增效的角度设计了4种管理模式,模拟超高产水平(SH)、高产高效水平(HH)、农户水平(FP)和基础产量水平(CK)4个产量层次,定量分析不同产量层次之间的产量差及光温资源生产效率差。结合光温生产潜力分析和作物产量性能分析,探究产量差和效率差的影响因素及缩差增效途径。【结果】当前山东省夏玉米光温潜力与超高产水平、超高产水平与高产高效水平、高产高效水平与农户生产水平、农户生产水平与基础产量水平之间的产量差分别为5.85、0.82、1.90、1.35 t·hm^(-2),光能生产效率差分别为1.74、0.15、0.28、0.45 g·MJ^(-1),温度生产效率差分别为1.09、0.10、0.17、0.28 kg·hm^(-2)·℃^(-1);当前不可控因素对产量差和光、温生产效率差的贡献率分别为58.49%和66.09%,可控因素对产量差和光、温生产效率差的贡献率分别为41.51%和33.91%,地域差异因素对产量差、光能生产效率差和温度生产效率差的贡献率分别为1.98%、2.49%和3.24%;产量差与光温资源生产效率差之间有显著相关性;SH和HH处理较FP处理和CK有较高的地上部生物量、生育期平均叶面积指数(MLAI)和冠层光能截获率。【结论】当前山东省夏玉米农户生产水平与光温潜力水平之间的产量差、光能生产效率差、温度生产效率差分别为8.56 t·hm^(-2)、2.17 g·MJ^(-1)、1.35 kg·hm^(-2)·℃^(-1),产量与光、温资源利用效率仍有较大的提升空间。玉米籽粒产量差和光、温资源利用效率差显著相关,在现有农户管理措施的基础上,应用高产高效管理模式(种植密度增加1.5×10~4株·hm^(-2),适当增加施肥量,将一次性施肥改为于播种期、大喇叭口期、开花期和乳熟期采用水肥一体化方式分次施肥)能够缩小产量差距1.90 t·hm^(-2),提高光、温资源生产效率14.74%和14.41%,是协同缩差增效的有效技术途径。

【Objective】 In the present study, the biomass production and resource availability among yield levels were studied to quantify the gap of yield, radiation production efficiency and temperature production efficiency of summer maize in Shandong province. This study aimed to clarify the contribution rate of agricultural production conditions and cultivation measures to yield gap and efficiency gap, and to explore the possibility of synergistic narrow the yield gap and efficiency gap,so as to provide a theoretical basis for closing yield gap and improving resource utilization efficiency.【Method】 The experiment was conducted in Taian, Zibo and Yantai in Shandong province from 2017 to 2018. Based on the investigation of summer maize production in Shandong province, four management models were designed in consideration of appropriate increase of plant density, optimization of fertilizer and water, increase of yield and efficiency with the same integrated management. The four yield levels, including super high yield (SH), high yield and high efficiency (HH), farmer level (FP) and basic production level (CK), were simulated. And the gap of yield, radiation production efficiency and temperature production efficiency of different yield levels were analyzed. With the integrative analysis of radiation-temperature production potential and crop yield performance, the factors affecting gap of yield and efficiency and the way closing yield gap and increasing efficiency were explored in the present study.【Result】 At present, the yield gap between radiation temperature potential level and super high yield level, super high yield level and high yield high efficiency level, high yield and high efficiency level and farmer production level, farmer production level and basic production level of summer maize in Shandong province were 5.85, 0.82, 1.90 and 1.35 t·hm^-2, respectively;The radiation production efficiency gap were 1.74, 0.15, 0.28 and 0.45 g·MJ^-1, respectively;and the temperature production efficiency gap were 1.09, 0.10, 0.17 and 0.28 kg·hm^-2·℃^-1, respectively. The current uncontrollable factors contributed 58.49% to yield gap, and contributed 66.09% to light and temperature production efficiency. And geographical difference factors contributed 1.98% to yield gap, contributed 2.49% to radiation production efficiency, and contributed 3.24% to temperature production efficiency. There was a significant correlation between the yield gap and the production efficiency gap. SH and HH had higher biomass, mean leaf area index (MLAI) and canopy light energy interception rate than FP and CK.【Conclusion】 At present, the gap of yield, the radiation production efficiency, and the temperature production efficiency between the farmer production level and the radiation temperature potential level of summer maize in Shandong province were 8.56 t·hm^-2, 2.17 g·MJ^-1, and 1.35 kg·hm^-2·℃^-1, respectively, so there was room for improvement in yield and utilization efficiency of radiation and temperature resources. There was a significant correlation between the yield gap and the production efficiency gap, on the basis of existing farmer management measures, the application of high-yield and high-efficiency management mode (increase the plant density of 15 000 plant·hm^-2, and increasing the amount of fertilization appropriately, changing the one-time fertilization into the sub-fertilization mode with water and fertilizer integration during the stage of sowing, spike formation, flowering, and milking) could narrow the yield gap by 1.90 t·hm^-2 and increase the production efficiency of radiation and temperature resources by 14.74% and 14.41%, respectively, which was an effective technical way to synergistic close yield gap and increase efficiency.