面向工程约束的小推力转移轨道设计与优化

Design and optimization of low thrust transfer trajectory for engineering constraints

针对深空探测任务中电推进系统需要设置多个工作点、推力分级输出的需求,研究多模式电推进约束下的小行星探测转移轨道优化设计问题,分析推力分档对转移轨道的影响,建立小推力转移轨道动力学模型和优化模型;提出一种基于直接法的轨道优化策略,包括优化模型离散化、初值生成、序列二次规划(SQP)算法进行局部优化,并引入粒子群(PSO)算法搭配SQP算法提高初值的搜索效率和解的全局最优性;通过一次火星借力交会颖神星(1974 QU2)为例进行仿真分析.结果表明,所提优化策略能够有效解决多模式约束下的小推力转移轨道优化设计问题,具有良好的收敛性,在工作功率区间内,增加推力档数能够提高能源利用率,降低燃料消耗量,缩短推力器的开机时间,同时在非工作功率区间内应避免无效的分档.

Multimode electric propulsion system is widely used in deep space exploration. Its thrust is output in stages with the change of input power, which also means that continuous power changes lead to discontinuous thrust changes. In the design and optimization of low-thrust trajectory, the discontinuity of thrust is often neglected and regarded as a continuous parametet The optimal design of low-thrust transfer trajectory constrained by multimode electric propulsion is studied, and the influence of thrust grading characteristics on the trajectory is analyzed in this paper. A specific optimization strategy is proposed, including three main steps: model discretization based on direct method, fast generation of initial value based on particle swarm optimization (PSO), and optimization based on sequential quadratic programming (SQP). The dynamic model and optimization model of low-thrust transfer trajectory is established. Then, the optimization model is discretized based on the direct method and the original optimal control problem is transformed into a parameter optimization problem in the form of nonlinear programming (NLP). A hybrid optimization algorithm based on PSO and SQP is proposed to solve the new NLP problem. PSO is used to search the initial value efficiently and guarantee the global performance of the initial value and SQP is used for local optimization based on initial value, which can give full play to the excellent global optimization performance of PSO and the outstanding local optimization performance of SQP. The effectiveness of the proposed optimization strategy is verified by a simulation example of the main belt asteroid Metis (1974 QU2) rendezvous mission with once Mars gravity assist. The results show that the optimal control curve obtained is in accordance with the optimal control form of bang-bang control derived from the theory, and the thruster has just two situations at any time: shutdown or startup with maximum thrust. In the working power range, increasing the number of thrust stages can improve the rate of energy utilization, thereby improving the efficiency of thruster, shortening the startup time and reducing fuel consumption. Meanwhile, ineffective grading should be avoided in the non-working power range.