改土归流与土司的国家认同研究——以贵州草塘土司宋氏为例

“Gai-Tu-Gui-Liu” Policy and National Identity of Tusi:A Case Study of Song Clan of Guizhou’s Caotang Tusi

明代万历时期,草塘土司主动请求“改土归流”,这是草塘宋氏在土司治理下、与中央王朝的频繁互动中、土司内部竞争等影响下国家认同进一步强化的结果。万历二十八年,朝廷平定播州杨氏的叛乱,草塘地区得以实现“改土归流”,逐步推进在政治、经济、文化各方面与中原内地一体化进程,大量外籍移民的迁入,加快了一体化进程。因草塘宋氏有着良好的中原文化认同基础,改土归流后,在清代的科举教育推行下,宋氏由地方性酋长经科举入仕,进入国家官僚系统,成为王朝国家的臣民,并在治理地方上做出积极贡献,实现了自身的“华夏化”,推动了中华民族多元一体格局和中华民族共同体的形成。

During the Wanli period of Ming Dynasty,the Tusi of Caotang voluntarily requested to“Gai-Tu-Gui-Liu”.This was the result of the further strengthening of the national identity of the Song family of Caotang under the governance of the Tusi,the frequent interaction with the central dynasty,and the internal competition among the Tusi.In the twenty-eighth year of Wanli,the court calmed down the rebellion of Yang family in Bozhou,and the Caotang area was able to realize“land reform and return to the mainland”.It gradually promoted the process of integration with the mainland of the Central Plains in all aspects of politics,economy and culture.The immigration of a large number of foreign immigrants accelerated the process of integration.Because the Song family in Caotang had a good foundation of cultural identity in the Central Plains,after the bureaucratization of native officers,under the implementation of imperial examination education in the Qing Dynasty,the Song family was elected by local chiefs through imperial examination,entered the national bureaucratic system,became Become a national official,and made positive contributions to the governance of the local government,and realized its own“Cathaysian”,and it has promoted the pluralistic and integrated pattern of the Chinese nation and the formation of the Chinese national community.