高原耐力性项目青少年运动员的科学化选材与培养研究

Research on sports talent selection of young athletes in plateau of endurance events

目的:进一步发现与培养高原中长跑、竞走等耐力性项目青少年优秀体育苗子.方法:本研究对高原12~17岁青少年运动员共228名累计测试身体机能、身体形态、身体素质、心理问卷共5大类指标.结果:(1)高原中长跑、竞走运动员身高,除男子运动员身高达到合格标准外,女子运动员身高均在及格线以下;(2)中长跑和竞走运动员比下肢长A指数明显高于运动员科学选材最高标准,且比大小腿长指数和比跟腱长指数均明显低于最低标准;(3)胸最大吸气围、胸最大呼气围以及胸围指标高原中长跑男女运动员均大于竞走男女运动员;(4)中长跑、竞走运动员血氧饱和度、血压均处于正常范围内(P>0.05),但安静心率竞走运动员明显(P<0.01)低于中长跑运动员;(5)中长跑、竞走运动员的红细胞和血红蛋白等血液指标均处于较高水平,而睾酮水平中长跑和竞走男女运动员均较低;(6)中长跑、竞走运动员身体素质水平基本保持一致.结论:(1)高原青少年运动员表现出了血红蛋白高和睾酮水平低,身高较小和下肢较长的身体形态特征,并且具有较好的心肺功能;(2)中长跑运动员呼吸肌力量较强而竞走运动员心脏机能储备较好、有氧能力较强;(3)中长跑运动员对比赛取胜的期待程度高而竞走运动员意志力较好.

Objective:To further discover and cultivate excellent sports seedlings of adolescents in endurance events such as long distance running and race walking on plateau.Method:This study tested 228 young athletes aged 12~17 years on Plateau in five categories:physical function,body shape,physical fitness and psychological questionnaire.Result:(1)Height of plateau middle-distance runners and race walkers is below the passing line except that of men;(2)A index of lower limb length of middle-distance runners and race walkers is obviously higher than the highest standard of scientific selection of athletes,and the index of thigh length and Achilles tendon length are significantly lower than the lowest standard;(3)Maximum inspiratory circumference of chest,maximum inspiratory circumference of chest,and length of Achilles tendon are lower than the lowest standard.The maximal chest expiratory circumference and chest circumference index of male and female plateau middle and long distance runners were larger than those of male and female racers;(4)oxygen saturation and blood pressure of middle and long distance runners and race walkers were within normal range(P>0.05),but the quiet heart rate racers were significantly lower than those of middle and long distance runners(P<0.01);(5)red blood cells and hemoglobin of middle and long distance runners and race walkers.The testosterone level of middle-distance runners and race walkers is higher than that of male and female;(6)The physical fitness level of middle-distance runners and race walkers is basically the same.Conclusion:(1)Teenagers at high altitude show high hemoglobin and low testosterone levels,small stature and longer lower limbs,and have better cardiopulmonary function;(2)middle and long distance runners have stronger respiratory muscle strength,while race walkers have better cardiac function reserve and aerobic capacity;(3)middle and long distance runners have higher expectation of winning the race.Walkers have better willpower.