全球微生物遗传资源获取规则动态、中国问题与完善建议

The development of Global Regulations on the Access to Microbial Genetic Resources,Relatedproblems of China in This Field and Some Suggestions

现今,全球微生物遗传资源培育保藏机构之间的"联网"状态及"共享"微生物遗传资源出现的技术、制度基础为全球微生物遗传资源获取和惠益分享了技术标准、条件及行为规则,其文本载体主要为示范协议、行为准则和实践手册。这既是全球各微生物遗传资源培育保藏机构长期以来关于获取和惠益分享活动的智慧成果总结,又是对《生物多样性公约》《名古屋议定书》等国际法律文件规定所进行的行业实践。我国微生物遗传资源获取管制领域呈现"行业管理体系领先于行政监督管理体制""行业获取实践领先于官方政策、法律制定"等特征。这些特征也从侧面反映出我国面临微生物遗传资源行政监督管理体制疏失,微生物遗传资源获取管制专项政策、法律缺位及行业获取规范缺陷等问题。结合示范协议、行为准则和实践手册现状分析,本文认为我国既要注重微生物遗传资源行政监督管理体制、法制建设等外部体制、规范创设构建,还要重视微生物遗传资源培育保藏机构行业获取规范等内部规则完善。

At present,the"networking"status and the technical and institutional basis for the emergence of"sharing"of microbial genetic resources among institutions of microbial genetic resources cultivation and preservation worldwide are the technical standards,conditions and behavioral rules for the acquisition and benefit sharing of global microbial genetic resources. The text carrier is mainly the model agreement,code of conduct and practice manual. The latter is not only a summary of the wisdom of the global institutions for the cultivation and conservation of microbial genetic resources on the access and benefit sharing activities for a long time,but also the industry practice of relevant provisions of the Convention on biological diversity,Nagoya Protocol and other international legal documents. The field of access control of microbial genetic resources in China is characterized by"industry management system ahead of administrative supervision and management system"and"industry access practice ahead of official policies and laws". These characteristics also reflect the defects of administrative supervision and management system of microbial genetic resources in China,the absence of special policies and laws on the access control of microbial genetic resources,and the deficiency of industry access norms. According to the status quo of the aforementioned model agreement,code of conduct and practice manual,China should not only pay attention to the establishment and construction of external systems such as the domestic administrative supervision and management system and the legal system construction,but also pay attention to the improvement of internal rules such as the industry norms of the institutions for cultivating and preserving microbial genetic resources.