乡村废弃物管理制度的形成与发展

Institutional Development of Rural Waste Management

本文基于对2017年以来的乡村废弃物管理调查,主要阐明以下发现:第一,以污染治理和环境保护理念为基准的法律法规,构成了乡村废弃物管理的制度框架。第二,广泛的环境教育和信息传播与政府自上而下的强力推动一起,有效促进了养殖业污染治理、厕所革命和生活垃圾管理的进展。第三,中央和地方政府与产生废弃物的企业、住户和个人分担了污染治理和环境管理责任和成本。财政资金重点投资于废弃物减量化、无害化和资源化利用流程中的市场失灵领域。值得注意的是,公共设施竣工后的运行和维护资金不足,加之项目设计和投资决策缺少制度化的村民参与,削弱了废弃物管理的可持续性。此外,某些技术模式特别是现有的污水处理模式,不足以解决人口居住分散条件下设施运行缺少规模效益的问题,以至造成污染治理的盲区。

This study investigates the institutional development of rural waste management in China since 2017. The findings are threefold. First, the existing laws and regulations on pollution management and environmental protection set up the institutional framework for the rural waste management. Second,substantial progress has been made in livestock pollution treatment,toilets revolution,and domestic waste management,owing to a broad approach to environmental education and information dissemination,combined with state-led top-down enforcement efforts at all levels of government. Third, in practice, government at both central and local levels shares the responsibilities and costs of pollution treatment and environmental management,with waste creators,including enterprises,households,and individuals. In particular,the government fund has been largely devoted to areas failed in waste reducing, antitoxic treatment, and resource recovery.Moreover,the study reveals that the sustainability of the current waste management system could be greatly undermined due to a lack of institutionalized public participation at grassroots level in project design and investment decision-making as well as insufficient funding arrangements in place for ongoing operations and maintenance for public infrastructures. Another problem is that the existing technology of wastewater treatment cannot solve the problem of economic scale,given a dispersed settlement pattern of rural population,which in turn creates blind spot in pollution treatment.