正统的神性与俗性：论孝信仰的流变及现代转型

Divinity and Vulgarity of Orthodox:Study on the Rheology and Modern Transformation of Filial Piety Beliefs

"孝"是中国人的道德传统、文化标识,也是中国民间信仰最重要的精神内核之一。在中国传统社会,民间信仰实际发挥着"孝"观念的寄附者,"孝"实践的创造者,"孝"文化的传播者的作用,孝道伦理与民间信仰诸要素和形态既互为表里,又互建互构,形成了独特的"孝信仰"。特别是在"孝治天下"正统思想的主导下,"孝信仰"不仅塑造中国传统民间信仰的基本样式,而且构建中国传统民间信仰的神话体系和文化功能,影响和深化民间信仰与当时政治、社会诸方面的关系,形塑着中国民众的生活世界与精神家园。江南地区周雄孝子祭的生成与兴盛,既是当地民众践行德孝价值观的具体体现,也是中国传统王朝"以孝治天下"政治策略的典型样本与成功实践,一方面,表明地方社会的民间信仰总是与民众的现实需求相呼应,具有很强的文化流动性和社会适应性;另一方面,也表明传统民间信仰可以与主流价值相向而行,或可作为强化正统秩序的符号象征,为当政者提供向民众传递或灌输主体价值以及由此衍生出来的伦理规范的一种在地化媒介。在当代社会,"孝"的内涵、形态及地位已然发生了显著变化,建设中国特色的现代性道德和核心价值观仍然需要孝文化的思想资源支持,这就需要我们对孝文化传统包括民间信仰支持体系进行反思性的重构,强化政府引导作用,推进政府参与、制度规范、法治保障,鼓励民间有序开展与推广孝文化及信仰活动,主动弥合孝信仰与现代文明的裂痕,让重孝崇孝弘孝成为现代中国人的一种文化自觉。

"Filial piety"is the moral tradition and cultural identity of Chinese people.It is also one of the most important spiritual cores of Chinese folk beliefs.In traditional Chinese society,folk beliefs actually play the role of the host of"filial piety"concept,the creator of"filial piety"practice,the disseminator of"filialpiety"culture.The elements and forms of"filial piety"ethics and folk beliefs are both internal and external as well as constructing each other which are formed a unique"filial piety beliefs".Especially under the orthodox idea of"filial piety rules the world","filial piety beliefs"is not only shapes the basic style of Chinese traditional folk beliefs,but also builds the mythological system and cultural function of Chinese traditional folk beliefs,influences and deepens the relationship between folk beliefs and political,all aspects of society at that time,shapes the living world and spiritual home of the Chinese people.The formation and prosperity of Dutiful Son Zhou Xiong’s Fete in south region of the Yangtze River,that is,the specific embodiment of the local people practicing the values of morality and filial piety.It is also a typical sample and successful practice of the political strategy of"ruling the world with filial piety"in the traditional Chinese dynasty.On the one hand,it shows that the folk beliefs of local society always correspond to the real needs of people,and have strong cultural mobility and social adaptability.On the other hand,it also shows that traditional folk beliefs can be opposed to mainstream values,or it can be used as a symbol to strengthen the orthodox order which provided a localized medium for the political ruler to deliver or instill subject value and the ethical norms derived from it to citizens.In the modern society,the connotation,form and status of filial piety have changed significantly.Building modern morality and core values with Chinese characteristics still needs filial piety culture as ideological resource support.This requires us to reconstruct reflectively on tradition of filial piety culture,including the support system of folk beliefs,to strengthen government guidance,to promote the participation,system standardization,rule of law guarantee of the government,to encourage development and promotion of filial piety culture and beliefs activities orderly.Mend the rift between filial piety beliefs and modern civilization actively.Make valuing filial piety,worshiping filial piety,carrying filial piety forward become cultural consciousness of Chinese in nowadays.