六朝时期的南京风景园林

Nanjing Landscape Architecture in the Period of Six Dynasties

六朝时期(229-589年)在南京建成的风景园林作品具有自然审美特性,这是中国园林史上的转折点,承上启下,其园林文化独具风采,其灿烂、精深的思想文化奠定了"文人园林"的后来发展方向。六朝持续三百多年的长期战乱,建康(南京)作为都城是汉文化代表,文人汇集,此地诞生了以山水诗词为基础的自然审美园林,城市建设融合自然山水风景。六朝文化崇尚人物个性回归自然,形成情趣高雅的自然审美,崇尚自由的精神,形成风韵潇洒的人格气质美。文人学者以寄情自然山水作为人生境界的追求,园林景观不求壮阔绮丽,而求恬静淡雅,脱俗飘逸。对风景的欣赏着重于对景物内在本质美的认知,而不是对物体表面现象的形态追求。随着山水诗词、山水画的发展,山水审美也更深入,中国式的"诗情画意"园林也随之诞生。建康城内外有三十多处园林,还有郊区风景,其中规模最大也最著名的是玄武湖南侧的华林园。华林园具有300年的悠久历史,更重要的是其具有秦汉时期不曾有的自然和文化灵气。汉朝上林苑以气象取胜,而华林园则在浓荫之中,以韵味见长。玄武湖曾经是六朝帝王的园林,园林内有宫苑、仙岛和猎苑,景观面向紫金山。六朝衰落以后,这个风景园林风格依然得以传承,并且成为中国文化遗产。

The landscape architecture works built in Nanjing during the period of six dynasties(229 AD-589 AD)have natural aesthetic characteristics, which is a turning point in the history of Chinese landscape architecture. Connecting the preceding and the following, the landscape culture during that period of time is unique. Their brilliant and profound ideology and culture set the later development direction of"literati landscape architecture". The period of six dynasties lasted for about three hundred years. Jiankang(Nanjing),as the capital city with the gathering of literati, was the representative of Han culture. Gardens with natural scenery were built in Jiankang during that period of time. Urban construction integrated natural landscape and abundant landscape poems were composed. The culture of that period advocated the return to nature, valued natural aesthetics with elegant taste, people.s spiritual freedom and people.s temperament beauty with natural and unrestrained charm. At that time, literati took the appreciation of natural landscape as their life pursuit.The garden landscape design sought simple, quiet and elegant style, free from vulgarity, rather than magnificence. The appreciation of the scenery focused on the recognition of the intrinsic beauty of the scenery,instead of the form pursuit of the surface phenomenon. With the development of landscape poetry and landscape painting, landscape aesthetic went further, and the pursuit of"poetic and picturesque"style promoted the gardening style to be more exquisite. Besides suburban scenery, there were more than 30 gardens inside and outside of Jiankang. Among them, the largest and most famous one was Hualin Garden on the southern side of Xuanwu Lake. Hualin Garden had a history of 300 years, and more importantly, it had a natural and cultural aura that did not exist in the Qin and Han dynasties. In the Han dynasty, Shanglin Garden had a magnificent view, while Hualin Garden was rich in elegant charm. Xuanwu Lake Garden used to be an imperial garden. There are palaces, fairyland and hunting field there with view facing Purple Mountain. After the decline of the period of six dynasties, the landscape architecture style was inherited and the Garden came to be a Chinese cultural heritage.