塞琉古王国早期希腊化城市管窥——以杜拉·欧罗波斯城为例

Study on the Hellenistic City in Early Seleucid Empire:A Case Study of Dura-Europos

杜拉·欧罗波斯城(Dura-Europos)是塞琉古王国建立的一座希腊化城市。该城的考古发掘中出土了大量羊皮卷和纸草文档,这些文献大多数属于帕提亚王国和罗马帝国统治时期,仅有少量断代于塞琉古王国统治时期。文献以官方文档居多,其中市民档案大多是市民个人的买卖契约、抵押贷款合同、婚姻协议以及财产分配文件,这为我们提供了大量关于杜拉城不同时期社会生活的相关信息。通过对这些文档的分析我们也能够对当时杜拉城内的社会背景略见一瞥。虽然塞琉古时期的文献极为有限,但是一份断代于公元前2世纪的土地售卖契约向我们透露了一些有价值的信息。这份契约中涉及的当事人、土地以及买卖形式,反映了塞琉古王国初期在希腊化城市内建城制度,也勾勒出了杜拉·欧罗波斯城的早期社会经济状况。

Dura-Europos was one of the Hellenistic cities built by the Seleucid Empire, where a large number of parchments and papyri were unearthed in the archaeological excavations, and most were dated to the time of Parthia Empire and Roman Empire, while only few dated back to the reign of Seleucid Empire. Most of the documents were official ones, and civil archives were mainly personal purchase and sale contracts, mortgage loan contracts, marriage agreements and property distribution documents, providing much information about the social life of Dura in different periods, and rendering us the social background of Dura through the analysis of these documents. With limited Seleucid documents, a land sale contract parchment dated to the 2 ndcentury BC gave us some valuable information. The parties, land and the pattern of sale involved in this contract reflected the city-building system of the Hellenistic city under the early Seleucid Empire, and also drew the sketch of the early socio-economic situation.