施蒂纳无政府主义辨析

An Analysis of Max Stirner’s Anarchism

麦克斯·施蒂纳以无政府主义鼻祖而著称,但其无政府主义的思想内涵尚未得到充分阐释。他与无政府主义主流传统有较大差别,而以其先验性独树一帜。从否定性、肯定性、策略来对施蒂纳无政府主义进行考察,可以发现:他批判自由主义以绝对、抽象的普遍观念侵犯个性,是君主制和政治神学的延续;他主张以"利己主义者联盟"取代国家,强调利用关系是维系联盟的唯一准则;他要求以反抗取代革命,因为革命旨在谋求秩序而反抗暗示了主体的不断生成。纵观施蒂纳的无政府主义,他率先开启了对资本主义拜物教和自由主义意识形态的批判,为当代社会批判理论提供了重要理论资源。但他并没有发现真正现实的个人,也误将观念而非现实的社会关系当作限制个人的障碍,他主张的利己主义者同盟实则是市民社会的翻版。马克思的批评让我们清楚洞察到施蒂纳的限度和危险。

Max Stirner is famous as an originator of modern anarchism,but the connotation of his anarchism has not been analyzed in detail.As a transcendental anarchist,he is distinctive from the class anarchism.It is possible to explain his anarchism in its negativity,positivity and tactics.He criticizes liberalism for infringing individual personality with absolute and abstract universal concept.He denounces that liberalism is a transformation of monarchy and political theology.He demands to replace state with the union of egoists,which is based on utilization relationship.He calls for rebel,not revolution,because the latter ends in order and the former suggests that the subject is a continuous procession never ending up.Throughout Stirner’s anarchism,he initiates the criticism of capitalist fetishism and liberal ideology,and provides important resources for the contemporary social criticism.Nevertheless,he does not find the realistic individual,and mistakes the concept rather than the realistic social relations as the restriction of the individual.His union of egoists is just a duplication of civil society.The limitation and harmfulness of Max Stiner’s anarchism is adequately revealed in Karl Marx’s criticism on him.