明清之际江南士人死亡书写探赜——以张煌言之死为中心

Research on Scholars'Depiction of Death in the South of the Yangtze River During the Ming and Qing Dynasties(1628-1661)--Focus on Zhang Huangyan's Death

明清易鼎之际,生死抉择是江南士人不得不面临的宿命问题,身逢山河板荡的情境之中,激发了士人对生死问题的持续关注、思考及书写。南明重臣张煌言在崇祯帝殉国之后,毅然投笔从戎,拥立鲁王朱以海于绍兴监国,其后,更是奔走、辗转在东南沿海的闽浙苏沪等地坚持着抗清活动。清康熙三年(1664)七月,张煌言于南田悬呑岛被清兵捕获,在押解至杭州处决的一路上,创制出了五十多首诗歌,较为详细地记录了自己慢慢走向死亡时的复杂心态。围观张煌言赴死场景的观看者,以及后世众多仰慕其品性的士人,前后相继地用各种体裁的文字悼念着张煌言。死者本人有意识的死亡书写与观者层出不穷的追怀文字,合力形塑、固化了张煌言的殉节忠义士人形象。

During the change of Ming and Qing Dynasties(1628-1661),the choice of life and death was a fatalistic problem that the scholars in the south of the Yangtze River had to face,which inspired the scholars to pay continuous attention to,and think and write about the life and death.After the Emperor ChongZhen martyred,Zhang Huangyan,an important minister of the Ming Dynasty,resolutely gave up his civilian pursuits to join the army and supported Zhu Yihai to build regime in Shaoxing,and then persisted in the anti-Qing activities in Fujian,Zhejiang,Jiangsu,Shanghai and other places along the southeast coast.In July of the third year of Emperor KangXi of the Qing Dynasty(1664),Zhang Huangyan was captured by Qing soldiers on Xuanghe Island in Nantian.On the way to Hangzhou for execution,he created more than 50 poems,which recorded in detail the complex mentality of one man as he slowly approached death.Onlookers of Zhang Huang-yan's death,as well as many scholars in later generations who admired Zhang Huangyan's character,successively mourned Zhang Huangyan by various genres.Deceased's depiction of death and viewers'various genres of mourning,together to shape and solidify Zhang Huangyans image of the loyalist.