读东晋刘媚子、张镇墓志札记

Notes on Eastern Jin Dynasty Epitaphs of Liu Meizi and Zhang Zhen

东晋墓志虽然出土数量不多,但制作情况较为复杂,文本层面以外的物质信息同样值得关注。通过分析刘媚子砖志和张镇墓志,对墓志制作过程中涉及的书法稿本和旧碑改形问题能够提供帮助。结合"刻石为识"的结语和出土位置的差异,可以推断出土于墓室填土中的刘媚子砖志具有稿本性质;通过对张镇墓志正面上方残存字画进行复原,并结合碑石的形制和材质,能够与洛阳地区汉碑相关联,发现其可能由南渡汉碑磨平重刻而来,这与吴郡张氏在王敦之乱前后的际遇可相互印证。东晋作为南方使用墓志的肇始阶段,其墓志形态多样,文辞、书法、刻工等均未制度化,因此东晋墓志的研究更需要跳出文本研究的既有路径,在物质层面做进一步思考。

Unearthed epitaphs of the Eastern Jin dynasty are not substantial in amount and involve complicated production processes.Therefore,physical information is of equally great importance with the epitaph texts.Based on an analysis of epitaphs of Liu Meizi and Zhang Zhen,the current author explores issues involved in the process of making an epitaph,such as calligraphic draft text and adaptation of original stele.Taking into consideration the phrase"刻石为识"(engraving the stone as commemoration)at the end of epitaph texts and the different locations of Liu Meizi’s epitaphs when unearthed,the author argues that text on the brick epitaph found in the tomb’s earth fill is a draft.Based on a restoration of remaining characters on the front of Zhang Zhen’s epitaph and re-evaluation of its format and material of the stone,it is believed that this epitaph is associated with Han dynasty stone steles in Luoyang and was possibly adapted from a stele brought by someone who came from north.This speculation and the experiences of the Zhang clan of Wu country before and after Wang Dun’s Rebel evidence each other.Eastern Jin was a period when epitaphs began to be used in the south in varying formats,with the expression,calligraphy and engraving not yet in uniform styles.Therefore,researches on Eastern Jin epitaphs should go beyond the texts and require further thinking on the physical characteristics.