国际人道法体系内创设恐怖犯罪罪名之提倡

Proposal for Establishing Accusation of Terrorist Crime in the System of International Humanitarian Law

自第一次世界大战结束至1977年两项日内瓦公约附加议定书的通过,武装冲突期间禁止恐怖活动的规则已由草案条款发展为了一项正式的国际人道法规则。不仅如此,《第一附加议定书》还将恐怖主义行为规定为第85(3)条中的"严重违反行为",从而暗含了战争罪之恐怖犯罪。但恐怖犯罪却没有被明示规定于任何普遍性的国际条约中,大多数部门反恐条约都排除适用于武装冲突期间。同时,恐怖犯罪向公众散布恐怖的特殊目的会造成长期恐惧的社会氛围,有着不同于一般犯罪的特别严重性。上述因素说明创设恐怖犯罪作为一项国际人道法的单独罪名具有国际法依据和现实紧迫性。恐怖犯罪与战争罪、危害人类罪之间的重合关系导致罪犯的同一行为可能同时构成其中的两项或三项犯罪,此时可根据"?elebi?i标准"判断这些犯罪之间是否互相存在具有实质性区别的要素,进而作出是否应累积定罪的决定。

From the end of WWI to the two 1977 Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions coming into effect,the rule that terrorist activities are prohibited during the armed conflict has developed from a draft article into a formal one in international humanitarian law. Moreover, the First Additional Protocol prescribes terrorist acts as grave breaches of the Protocol under article 85(3), implying terrorist crime in war crimes. However, terrorist crime is not explicitly prescribed in any general international treaties, and most sectoral anti-terrorism treaties exclude their application from armed conflicts.Additionally, spreading terror to the public will keep the social atmosphere immersed in the fear of terror for a long time,which makes the crime much more serious than common crimes. The above factors show that it is not only based on international law but also emergent to establish the accusation of terrorist crime in the system of international humanitarian law.The overlapping relationship between terrorist crime, war crime and crime against humanity may make the accused simultaneously guilty of two or three crimes. Under this circumstance, the ?elebi?itest shall be applied to determine whether there exist any materially distinct elements between the crimes, and whether cumulative convictions shall be given.