本土化的抗争与求索——加纳英语文学的缘起与流变

Indigenization Struggling:Origin and Development of Ghanaian English Literature

萌芽于20世纪初的加纳英语文学,至今已走过一百多年的曲折发展历程。百余年来,在西方文明的强势冲击下,加纳作家的本土意识不断觉醒,对其英语文学本土化的路径进行了艰难探索。早期的加纳英语文学多以反抗殖民主义、争取民族独立为创作主题,表现出强烈的批判意识和抗争精神。恩克鲁玛政府倒台后,蛰伏近十年的加纳英语文学进入繁荣期。作家们开始尝试在题材、语言、艺术技巧等方面展现本土风格与特色。阿依·奎·阿尔马、科菲·阿翁纳、阿玛·阿塔·艾杜三位作家引领了20世纪后半叶的加纳文坛,他们深入探求本土文化的肌理,创作出了更为深邃、更具有现实关怀的文学作品。21世纪以来,融合了本土元素的加纳儿童文学发展势头强劲,其作品不仅为本土读者喜闻乐见,也日益受到国际文坛的关注。一百多年来,几代加纳作家的努力成功实现了加纳文学特别是加纳英语文学的本土化,为非洲英语文学和其他"非主流"文学的发展提供了重要经验。

Ghanaian English literature which emerged in the early 20th century,has developed tortuously for more than one hundred years.Under the strong impact of western civilization,the native consciousness of Ghanaian writers has come to awaken.They began to explore the path of indigenization of English literature with painstaking efforts.Early Ghanaian English literature mainly focused on fighting against colonialism and striving for national independence,reflecting strong critical consciousness and the revolting spirit.After the fall of Nkrumah’s government,Ghanaian English literature boomed after a dormancy of nearly one decade,showing indigenous features in terms of subjects,languages,artistic skills,etc.Ayi Kwei Armah,Kofi Awoonor and Ama Ata Aidoo are three leading writers of Ghanaian literature in the second half of the 20th century.They explored the essence of indigenous culture and created more profound and realistic literary works.Since the 21th century,Ghanaian children’s literature has shown a robust growth.These literary works which incorporate indigenous elements are not only popular among local readers,but also attract the attention of the international world.Over the past 100 years,several generations of Ghanaian writers have successfully realized the Indigenization of Ghanaian literature with great efforts,especially Ghanaian English literature,and provided precious experience for the development of African English literature and other“non-mainstream”literature.