王阳明的心学与浙学

Wang Yangming’s Doctrine of Mind and the Thoughts in Zhejiang School

王阳明的心学既是浙学的特定形态,又对浙学产生了多方面的影响。这里所说的浙学,是指广义的“浙”地之学,这一意义上的浙学呈现如下几个方面的特点:注重理论思考或理论阐发,包含批判的意识,关切现实,具有历史的观念。以上特点在王阳明的心学中同样得到了体现。王阳明的“意之所在即是物”说和工夫与本体之辩,从不同方面体现了独特的理论建构;其良知说、心即理说从一个比较内在的层面为浙学的独立思考、批判意识提供了某种根据;其知行合一、事上磨练等观念,从不同方面体现了现实的关切;其“五经皆史”说,内含着深层的历史意识。作为浙学的特定形态,王阳明的心学对浙学产生了多方面的影响,这种影响不仅体现于“浙中王门”,而且在思想史的意义上表现为对明清之际的浙学,特别是黄宗羲思想的制约。黄宗羲是明清之际浙学的重要代表人物,在思想的层面上,黄宗羲多方面地受到心学的影响,王阳明的心学也通过制约黄宗羲的思想而在这一时代的浙学之上留下了多方面的印记。

Wang Yangming’s doctrine of mind is not only the specific form of the thoughts of Zhejiang School,but also has many influences on the thoughts in Zhejiang School.The thoughts in Zhejiang School in the above sense contains the following characteristics:paying attention to theoretical thinking or theoretical elucidation,possessing critical consciousness,focusing on reality and having historical consciousness.The above features are also embodied in Wang Yangming’s doctrine of mind.Wang Yangming’s theory of“what mind directs to is the thing”and the debate between substance and efforts reflect the unique theoretical construction from different aspects;his theory of innate knowledge and theory of mind provide a certain basis for the independent thinking and critical consciousness of the thoughts in Zhejiang studies from a relatively internal level;his concepts of unity of knowledge and practice reflect the realistic concerns from different aspects;his theory of“five classics are all histories”contains deep historical consciousness.As a specific form of the thoughts in Zhejiang School,Wang Yangming’s doctrine of mind have exerted various influences on the thoughts in Zhejiang School,which are not only reflected in“Wang Yangming’s school of central Zhejiang”,but also manifested in the affection of the thoughts in Zhejiang School,especially Huang Zongxi’s thoughts.Huang Zongxi was an important representative of the thoughts in Zhejiang School in the later Ming Dynasty and the early Qing Dynasty,and his thoughts influenced by Wang Yangming’s doctrine of mind in many ways.Through restricting Huang Zongxi’s thought,Wang Yangming’s doctrine of mind also left many marks on the thoughts in Zhejiang School in this era.