美国制造业复兴困境与启示:保护主义政策失灵的现实考察

The Dilemma of U.S.Manufacturing Recovery and Its Enlightenments:An Analysis of the Failure of Protectionist Policies

阐释了美国复兴制造业政策内容,以及复兴困境与政策失灵的表现。认为美国制造业政策是鼓励创新、加强关键产业链、提升劳动者技能和公共采购等内容的混合体系;特朗普政府将其加快推向保护主义,片面强调发展美国国内制造业,削弱企业参与国际分工的能力,并未使美国如其所望成为世界制造业更有吸引力的国家,而且制造业产出和就业、结构变化和劳动生产率等指标没有出现结构性改善,制造业面临的困难和问题也没有得到解决。中国应汲取美国将保护主义措施融入制造业政策的教训,借鉴其从供给和需求双侧发力,尤其是支持技术创新、重视关键产业链和加强科学、技术、工程和数学(STEM)教育等经验;同时,中国应响应经济全球化的历史趋势,进一步改善制造业要素供给条件和市场需求环境,在更深度融入国际分工体系、支持创新体系建设和保障高素质劳动力供给等方面形成协同一致的合力。

The U.S.manufacturing policy is a hybrid system that encourages innovation,strengthens key industry chains,and improves worker skills and public procurement.The Trump administration has accelerated it to protectionism.Due to the one-sided emphasis of protectionist policies on the development of domestic manufacturing and weakening the ability of domestic companies to participate in the international division,the United States has not become a more attractive country in the global manufacturing industry as it hopes.No structural improvement has occurred,and the difficulties and problems the manufacturing industry faces have not been resolved.The lessons of the Trump administration′s integration of protectionist measures into manufacturing policies are worth alertness,but its efforts from both supply and demand sides,especially supports to technological innovation,attaching importance to key industrial chains,and strengthening STEM education are worth learning.China should respond to the historical trend of economic globalization,further improve the manufacturing element supply conditions and market demand environment,and form a synergistic joint force in more deeply integrating the international division system,supporting the construction of innovation systems,and ensuring the supply of high-quality labor.