论个人破产中豁免财产的构成与限制

On the Composition and Limitation of Exempt Property in Personal Bankruptcy

个人破产制度在实现债权和保护债权人利益的同时,应当为"诚实而不幸"的债务人提供救济,保障债务人的生存权和发展权,鼓励其重新开始。而豁免财产制度是生存权和发展权在个人破产法中的具体化和法律确认。但如何划定豁免财产的范围及其构成,是豁免财产制度的核心和难点。因为在债务人的财产上存在着相互竞争的利益且此消彼长。一方面要保障债务人基于"人"的权利,但另一方面必须保护债权人的财产权利,以平衡债务人和债权人之间的利益冲突,同时保护交易安全和维护金融信贷市场的信心不被破坏,因此须在立法上对豁免财产的范围进行明确的规定,并予以必要的限制,使豁免财产的范围与对破产人适度保障的立法原则相适应,防止造成债权人利益的过度牺牲,也避免可能对债务人利用破产逃避债务产生不当激励。为此可借鉴有成熟经验的国家的做法,明确可豁免财产的具体构成并详细列举可豁免财产的种类(清单),同时对各类豁免财产在价值、类型、用途、债务人对财产的需求程度等方面予以必要的限制。

The personal bankruptcy system should provide relief for the“honest and unfortunate”debtors,protect their right to survival and development,and encourage them to start anew while realizing creditors’rights and protecting their interests.The exempt property system is the embodiment and legal confirmation of the right to exist and the right to development in the personal bankruptcy law.However,how to define the scope and composition of exempt property is the core and difficulty of the exempt property system,because there are competing interests over the debtor’s property,constituting a reciprocal relationship.On the one hand,it is necessary to protect the debtor’s rights as a human,but on the other hand,it is necessary to protect the creditor’s property rights to balance the conflict of interests between debtor and creditor.At the same time,it is necessary to protect the transaction security and the confidence of the financial credit market from being disrupted.Therefore,it is necessary to clearly stipulate the scope of exempt property in legislation and to impose necessary restrictions so as to bring the scope of exempt property in line with the legislative principle of appropriate protection for the bankrupt.This can prevent the excessive sacrifice of the creditor’s interests and the improper incentive for the debtor to evade debts through bankruptcy.For this reason,we can learn from the practice of countries with mature experience,make clear the specific composition of exempt property,list the types of exempt property in detail,and make necessary restrictions on all kinds of exempt property in terms of value,type,use and the debtor’s demand for property.