论个人破产立法中的自由财产制度

On the Exempt Property System in Personal Bankruptcy Legislation

自由财产制度存在的正当性在于保障基本人权、培育企业家精神以及缓解社会压力。尽管域外立法对自由财产范围的界定不同,但基本都在坚持必要性原则的前提下保障债务人及家庭成员的基本人权。鉴于我国各地经济发展不一的现状,自由财产的具体额度应通过地方立法确定。破产申请前的资产安排虽可实现自由财产价值的最大化,但需要限定转换额度,对债务人实施的欺诈性转换行为应予以撤销。在自由财产的处置上,应进一步契合我国的社会观念,对使用自由财产清偿债务及放弃自由财产的行为效力应予以否定,对于在生活必需品及必要职业工具上设定的担保权应予以撤销,在置换自由财产时则须注意把握合理置换的原则。

The justifiability of the exempt property system lies in its protection of the basic human rights,cultivating entrepreneurship and easing social pressure.Although foreign legislation defines the scope of exempt property differently,it basically protects the basic human rights of debtors and family members on the principle of necessity.Due to imbalance in local economic development in China,the specific amount of exempt property should be determined through local legislation.Although the asset arrangement before the bankruptcy application can maximize the value of exemption,it is necessary to limit the amount of conversion,and the fraudulent conversion directed towards debtors should be canceled.The disposition of exempt property should further conform to China’s public idea,the effectiveness of using exemptions to pay off debts and give up exemptions should be negated and the security rights set on life necessities and necessary professional tools should be revoked.It is necessary to focus on the reasonable replacement when the trustee makes a decision to replace the exemption.