微藻细胞破壁方法研究进展

Advances in microalgae cell wall disruption

微藻具有光合作用效率高、环境适应性强、生长快、生物质产率高和环境效益显著等优点,在体内还能积累虾青素、叶黄素、高不饱和脂肪酸、生物柴油等重要产物,近年来成为人们关注和研究的热点。微藻细胞破壁是提取这些产物的关键及困难环节。从3种常用微藻细胞壁的结构入手,分析总结了机械破壁法、基于波的细胞破壁法、热解破壁法、化学法以及生物法等微藻破壁技术的研究现状与发展趋势。认为从现实角度出发,将化学法与机械法结合使用,即先采用化学法进行预处理,再采用机械法破壁,可解决大部分藻细胞的破壁问题,是一种比较可行的产业化破壁技术路线;从发展前景来看,生物法破壁具有能量消耗较低、条件温和等优势,对于绝大多数藻类来说具有经济可行性和技术理论可行性,是一种最值得期待的破壁方法。

Microalgae cultivation shows the advantages of high photosynthesis efficiency,good environmental adaptability,fast growth,high bioproducts productivity and good environmental value,and many valuable products including astaxanthin,lutein,high-unsaturated fatty acids,lipids,etc.can accumulate in microalgae cells,so microalgae has become the focus in scientific research in recent years.Cell disruption is the key and difficult step to extract those products.Starting from discussing the cell wall structural characteristics of three species of microalgae,the current situation,trends in scientific research and technical development of cell disruption strategies including mechanical,wave-based,pyrolysis,chemical and biological methods were discussed and summarized.It is pointed out that practically the combination of chemical and mechanical methods,with chemical procedures as pretreatment and mechanical step as final disruption,can solve cell disruption problems for most microalga,and is a more feasible cell disruption industrialization technology.Prospectively,biological method is feasible economically and theoretically for most microalga because of its low energy cost and mild process conditions,and tends to be a deservable method.