中美大学校长职业特征的比较研究

A Comparative Study of the Differences in the Professional Characteristics of the Presidents of Chinese and American Universities

基于美国教育委员会发布的《美国大学校长报告2017》和中国省属及以上大学校长的问卷数据和网络数据,客观描述了中美大学校长职业特征现状及其差异:人口学特征上,中国大学校长多为男性、更年轻;教育背景上,中国大学校长多获得博士学位,较缺乏人文社科知识;职业路径上,中国大学校长来源开放性不足、流动性弱、离任选择未知性较大;履职实践上,中国大学校长受政府部门力量影响较大、自主筹资行动力较弱;专业化程度上,中国大学校长"双肩挑"现象普遍且薪资水平较低。中美大学校长职业特征存在差异的主要原因在于两国的历史文化环境、政府与大学关系、大学校长遴选和考核制度不同。因此,要更新思想观念、突破治理局限、创新任命方式、完善评价考核,以推动中国大学校长职业化发展。

Based on The American University President Study 2017,the questionnaire data and network data of the presidents of provincial and above universities in China,the current status of the professional characteristics of college presidents in China and the United States was objectively described,and the main differences were summarized as follows:from the perspective of demographic characteristics,the heads of Chinese universities are mostly male and younger.from the perspective of educational background,Chinese university presidents own more doctoral degrees,but lack knowledge of humanities and social sciences;from the perspective of career paths,Chinese university presidents have insufficient openness,weak mobility,and greater uncertainty of their departure;from the practice of performance,the presidents of the Chinese universities are greatly affected by the strength of the government departments and has weaker ability to raise funds independently;from the degree of specialization,the"double shoulder task"phenomenon is common among the presidents of Chinese universities and they have a lower salary level.The reasons for the differences in the professional characteristics of Chinese and American university presidents are the historical and cultural environment,the relationship between the government and the university,and the selection and assessment system for the university president.Therefore,it is necessary to renew ideological concepts,break through the limitations of governance,innovate appointment methods,and improve evaluation and assessment to promote the professional development of university presidents in China.