论米兰·昆德拉的生态伦理思想

On Milan Kundera's Thoughts of Ecological Ethics

米兰·昆德拉作为当代文坛具有相当影响力的作家,其作品中蕴含着丰富的生态意蕴。总体而言,昆德拉的生态思想可以分为自然生态和精神生态两个维度。作为城市生态批评的倡导者之一,昆德拉十分反感单调的现代化建筑群,认为它们破坏了自然的原始之美。他指出,现代化建设绝不能以破坏自然环境为代价,只有与自然和谐共生才是人类实现可持续发展的正确途径。正是出于对城市环境污染的憎恶,昆德拉向往自然,追寻一种田园牧歌式的乡村生活。在昆德拉眼中,动物代表着善,是自然界中所有美德的总和。人与人的交往常常带有目的性与伪装性,只有人与动物的关系才能测试出人类真正的道德。因此,人类应该关爱动物,敬畏它们的生命。借助小说中的动物叙事,昆德拉表达了保护动物、善待动物的生态伦理观,同时对“人类中心主义”思想进行了批判与斥责,彰显出了强烈的生态意识。除了对自然生态的关注外,昆德拉也十分关注生活中普遍存在着的社会精神生态问题,主要包括家庭关系的异化、因不确定性因子产生的焦虑情绪等。此外,他的作品中也涉及其他的一些社会精神生态问题,如畸形的生命伦理观、悲观厌世的消极态度、窥探他人隐私等。通过对这些社会精神生态失衡现象的揭示,他将生态伦理观完美地融入到小说文本中,极大地增强了作品的现实启示功能。以全景视阈对米兰·昆德拉小说中的生态伦理思想进行深入研究,既有助于理解小说中的哲学内涵,也能为解决日益严峻的生态问题提供启示。

Milan Kundera is an influential contemporary writer.His works contain rich ecological connotations,which can be analysized from two dimensions:natural ecology and spiritual ecology.As one of the advocates of urban ecological criticism disgusted with modern buildings,Kundera holds that they have destroyed the original beauty of nature.He points out that modernization must not be at the expense of destroying the natural environment.The harmonious coexistence with nature is the only correct way for mankind to achieve sustainable development.It is out of his aversion to pollutions in modern cities that Kundera yearns for nature and pursues an idyllic rural life.In Kundera􀆳s eyes,animals represent goodness and they embody all nature virtues.There are often purposes and disguises in human interactions and therefore only the relationship between human and animals can test the true morality of human beings.Humans should care for animals and revere their lives.With the help of animal narration in his novel,Kundera expresses the ecological ethics of protecting animals and treating animals with care.Meanwhile,he criticizes and reprimands“anthropocentrism”,which reveals his strong ecological consciousness.In addition to natural ecology,Kundera also pays close attention to the spiritual ecological problems prevailing in social life,including the alienation of family relationships and anxiety caused by uncertain factors.His works involve other spiritual ecological problems such as abnormal bioethics,pessimistic negative attitudes,and prying into others' privacy,etc.By revealing these spiritual ecological imbalances,Kundera integrated the ecological ethics into his novels,which also greatly enhanced the realistic enlightenment function of his works.A study of the ecological thoughts in Kundera's novels from a panoramic perspective will not only help us understand the philosophical connotations of his novels,but also provide inspiration for solving the increasingly severe ecological crises.