广东省农业科学院水稻耕作栽培研究60年:成就与展望

Sixty Years’Research on Rice Tillage and Cultivation by Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences:Achievements and Prospects

过去60年广东省农业科学院水稻耕作与栽培研究取得了显著的成就。在理论研究方面,对广东水稻种植区划、水稻分蘖与幼穗发育、光温反应特性、高产栽培叶色变化、光能利用、抗倒伏机理等开展了比较系统的研究,丰富了水稻耕作栽培科学理论。在耕作栽培技术方面,1950—970年代在广泛调研总结群众经验的基础上,形成了全国著名的“潮汕经验”,大幅提升了广东水稻单产,并对我国水稻栽培学科发展产生了深远影响;1980—1990年代先后研发建立了水稻高产稳产栽培技术规程和水稻抛秧及配套技术,实现了水稻栽培技术的规范化;进入21世纪,研发出水稻“三控”施肥技术、超级稻强化栽培技术和多熟高效农作制模式及配套技术,实现了水稻产量和资源利用效率的协同提高。这些研究成果及其大面积应用,为广东水稻产业发展、保障粮食安全、增加农民收入做出了重大贡献,对今后工作具有重要的启示和指导作用。近年来,广东省农业科学院水稻耕作栽培研究朝着资源节约型、环境友好型、机械化、轻简化、标准化和高效化(即“两型四化”)方向发展,在机械化育插秧、直播稻、再生稻栽培等方面取得了显著进展。今后广东水稻耕作栽培研究要继续围绕产业科技问题,加强理论创新和关键技术攻关,促进水稻产业转型升级,服务乡村振兴。

In the past 60 years,remarkable achievements have been made in rice tillage and cultivation by Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences.Theoretical studies have been conducted extensively in rice planting regionalization in Guangdong,rice tillering and young panicle development,light-temperature characteristics,leaf color changes in highyielding cultivation,light utilization,and mechanism of lodging resistance etc.to enrich the scientific principles of rice cultivation.In rice farming practices,several major technologies have been developed and adopted in Guangdong as well as other provinces.Based on extensive surveys on farmers’experience,the"Chaoshan Experience"was formed and promoted from 1950s to 1970s,which greatly increased rice yield in Guangdong and had profound effect on the development of rice cultivation disciplines in China.In 1980s and 1990s,technical regulations on high-and stable-yielding cultivation of rice and rice seedling throwing and the matching technology were developed and extended for standardized cultivation of rice.Since the beginning of the twenty-first century,the"three controls"nutrient management technology,super rice intensification cultivation and high-efficient multi-ripening farming system have been developed and extended widely for synergistic improvements in rice grain yield and resource utilization.Those achievements and their wide application have made great contributions to the development of rice industry,food security and increased farmers'income in Guangdong Province,and provided significant guidance to future research.In recent years,“two orientations”of resource conservation and environment-friendly farming and“four transformations”of mechanization,simplification,standardization and efficient production have been emphasized in the researches on rice cultivation.Major progresses have been made in mechanical seedling raising and transplanting,direct seeding and ratooning rice cultivation.In the future research of rice cultivation,we should focus on key sci-tech problems of rice industry,and strengthen theoretical innovation and technological breakthrough for the transformation and upgrading of rice industry and rural revitalization.