“以汉化夷”与“因俗而治”——清代云南改土归流地区两种文化治理方略及其关系

“Civilizing the Ethnics by Han Culture”and“Governing the Ethnics by Their Customs”:Two Governance Strategies and Their Implementations in the Regions of Replacement of the Tribal Chieftains with Non-hereditary Government-dispatched Officials in Yunnan in the Qing Dynasty

清代云南大规模的改土归流可视为“以汉化夷”治边方略指导下的重要产物,为“以汉化夷”的顺利、全面实施提供了政治保障。“以汉化夷”是一项系统而复杂的文化工程,是一个持续推进的历史过程。在许多流官看来,“以汉化夷”既是一种施政方略,也是一项神圣的文化使命。他们主要从两个方面推进“以汉化夷”进程,一是兴学重教,二是移风易俗。在云南改土归流地区,清代统治者还同时实施另一种文化治理方略,那就是“因俗而治”。清代的许多统治者在对待云南边疆和民族问题上并未实行强制性的民族同化政策,而是将“因俗而治”奉为重要治边方略。这一政策在实践中得到一定程度的实施,如改土归流后,清廷对边远地区少数民族并不强求剃发易服。“以汉化夷”与“因俗而治”两种文化治理方略不是一成不变的,而是随着历史时空的转换而转换。“以汉化夷”体现“大一统”的政治理念,“因俗而治”体现“和而不同”的文化观念;“以汉化夷”是“求同”,“因俗而治”是“存异”;“以汉化夷”追求文化的“一体”,“因俗而治”追求文化的“多元”。“以汉化夷”与“因俗而治”有机结合、相辅相成、并行不悖,共同促成云南“多元一体”地域文化的形成。

The large-scale“Replacement of the Tribal Chieftains with Non-hereditary Government-dispatched Officials”in the Qing Dynasty could not only be regarded as an important outcome of the“Civilizing the Ethnics by Han Culture”as a governance strategy for frontier regions,but also provided a political guarantee for the full-scale and smooth implementation of“Civilizing the Ethnics by Han Culture”.As a systematic and comprehensive cultural project,the“Civilizing the Ethnics by Han Culture”was also an ever-advancing historical process.In the eyes of many non-hereditary government-dispatched officials,the“Civilizing the Ethnics by Han Culture”was not only a governance strategy,but also a divine cultural call.They propelled the“Civilizing the Ethnics by Han Culture”in the following two aspects,promoting Confucian culture and transforming the social traditions of the ethnic groups.However,in fact,the governors of the Qing Dynasty also carried out another cultural governance strategy,“Governing the Ethnics by Their Customs”,in the regions of replacement of the tribal chieftains with non-hereditary government-dispatched officials in Yunnan province.In the Qing Dynasty,when dealing with the ethnic groups,many governors did not forcefully implement ethnic assimilation policies,but highly valued“Governing the Ethnics by Their Customs”as an important governance strategy in Yunnan frontier regions.This policy was followed and implemented to some extent.A proof of this was that the ethnic people in the far-frontier regions were not necessarily required to be braided and uniformed.However,the two governance strategies were not invariable,but transformed with spatial-temporal changes.These two governance strategies embodied the political notion of“Great Unification”and the cultural notion of“Harmony in Diversity”respectively.“Civilizing the Ethnics by Han Culture”aimed to seek common grounds and achieve cultural integration,while“Governing the Ethnics by Their Customs”aimed to reserve difference and maintain the cultural diversity.The organic cooperation,mutual promotion and parallel implementations of the two governance strategies jointly promoted the formation of Yunnan regional culture with the characteristic of“unity in diversity”.