从“帮忙看孩子”到“为共产主义培育幼苗”——山东农村保教人员研究(1951-1961)

From“Babysitting”to“Cultivating Seedlings for Communism”:Childcare Workers and Kindergarten Teachers in Rural Shandong(1951-1961)

中华人民共和国早期,为进一步解放妇女劳动力,农村托儿组织广泛地建立起来。"看孩子"这项传统的家务劳动逐渐社会化,由再生产领域进入生产领域,抚育儿童也由家庭责任转变为国家和集体的责任。在这一背景下,国家重塑了农村保教人员的社会身份,使她们从"帮忙看孩子"的人,转变为"为共产主义培育幼苗"的社会主义教育工作者。在国家话语的支持下,保教人员用真诚、努力的工作为自己赢得了信任和尊重,并发展出颇为灵活、有效的方法,促进了诸如儿童培育、现代卫生、妇女解放等现代观念在农村社会的传播。她们的努力改变了农村传统的育儿方式,也促使一种新型人际关系的形成。保教人员在人民共和国早期的故事,不仅为理解中国共产党领导的妇女解放运动提供了新的视角,也有助于考察国家政策在农村的运行情况。

In the early days of the P.R.C.,rural childcare organizations were widely established and greatly liberated women and increased their labour participation.The traditional domestic work of"taking care of children"was gradually socialized.In this context,the state redefined the role of childcare workers and kindergarten teachers,while they transformed from"child-sitters"but socialist educators,cultivating"seedlings for communism."Supported by the official discourse,these women’s dedication to childcare helped not only win respect but also change the traditional parenting methods based on new ideas of sanitation and women’s liberation contributing to the rise of new social relationships in rural China.Their stories provide us with new perspectives on women’s liberation and the implementation of state policies in rural areas in Mao’s era.