国际水法调整下的跨国流域管理体制

The Management System of Transnational Basins under International Water Law

跨国流域管理体制是形成和实施国际水法的实体规则和程序规则的主要组织和协调机制。国际水法主要是国际河流沿岸国和地区大国在建立和实施关于河流航行利用的条约规则和管理体制的国家实践中逐渐形成的,并先后发展出国际河流航行利用法、非航行利用法、跨界水污染防治法、跨界水生态保护法、跨界含水层法等多个组成部分。随着国际水法的持续发展,跨国流域管理体制在适用的地理范围、活动领域、管理层次、法律制度等各方面不断拓展和演进,反过来也促进了国际水法的发展。另一方面,跨国流域管理体制受到流域自然条件、国际政治形势、国家经济社会发展状况、历史文化传统、生态科学发展等各种因素的影响,在世界不同大洲、地区和流域之间呈现出明显差异。从其演进历程和实施状况来看,全球特别是亚非拉地区跨国流域的管理体制在未来还需要进一步发展,尤其是在以下方面有很大的发展空间:运用流域生态系统方法;拓展地理范围和活动领域;建立跨界含水层合作管理体制;在常规的流域管理与国家管理之外,适当开展地方管理、区域管理甚至全球管理。

The management system of transnational basins is the main institutional and co-ordinational mechanism in establishing and performing the substantive and procedural rules of international water law.International water law has developed gradually from state practice on establishing and performing treaty rules and management systems relating to the navigational use of international rivers.It has evolved into such subsections as the laws of navigational use of international rivers,non-navigational uses of international river basins,prevention and control of transboundary water pollution,protection of transboundary water ecological system and transboundary aquifers.With the continuous development of international water law,the geographical scope,activity areas,administration agencies and legal institutions in the management systems of transnational basins is gradually expanded and evolved,and vice versa.On the other hand,being affected by many factors such as the conditions of basin hydrology and geography,the changes of international politics,the circumstances of economic and social development,the traditions of culture and history,and the development of ecological science,the management systems of transnational basins take on great difference in different continents,regions and basins.From the perspective of its evolution and performance,the management systems of those transnational basins in Asia,Africa and Latin America will make great progress in the future—the method of basin ecological system is followed;the geographical scope and activity areas is expanded the joint management system of transboundary aquifers is established;the system of local,regional and even global administration is established under suitable conditions beyond the general system of basin and state administration.