摘要
英国低碳建筑从崇尚自然的绿色精神起始,跟随世界绿色建筑、低能耗建筑发展,引领低碳建筑实践,具有重视围护结构保温、地域优势资源利用(如风能)、可持续能源利用(太阳能)等特点,形成地域高技术特色和完善的法律法规体系。随着可持续住宅标准(CSH)的实施,低碳观念获得了全面贯彻和常态化发展,英国低碳建筑对我国当前建筑发展具有较高的借鉴价值。
The UK is world-leading in the field of low carbon architecture.With the constraints of a sound building regulations system and the support of effective emission reduction technologies,and since the UK government announced CSH(Code for Sustainable Homes)in 2006,the normal development of low carbon architecture in the UK has become building daily now.After the new residential buildings achieved zero-carbon emissions in 2016,the scope of implementation of the zero-carbon standard was further expanded,and new commercial buildings also achieved zero-carbon emissions in 2019.Other public buildings,due to their important social impact,have taken the various new and high energy-saving technology before the promulgation of CSH,leading the low carbon development.At this point,low carbon architecture in the UK have completed the popularization of new buildings,and are about to enter a deeper stage of development.This article traces its historical development,and finds that low carbon architecture in the UK started from advocating the green spirit of nature,and gradually matured following the development of world green architecture and low-energy buildings,etc.Subsequently,in the 1990s,the UK green architecture focused on natural ventilation,using renewable solar energy and rainwater,and achieving sustainability of the building through passive design strategies.Since the 21st century,the research focus has shifted from green architecture to low carbon architecture.Low carbon architecture continues energy-saving and low-energy-consumption building technologies.Conceptually and operationally,the low carbon architecture is clearer and more specific than concepts such as ecological architecture and green buildings,and become an important part of the global construction industry.The low carbon architecture refers to reducing the use of fossil energy,improving energy efficiency,and reducing carbon dioxide emissions during the entire life cycle of building materials and equipment manufacturing,construction and building use.The UK has a temperate maritime climate,under the influence of the unique climate,based on passive technology,under the constraints and promotion of sound regulations,and supplemented by the popular low carbon living concept,low carbon architecture in the UK are unique,pragmatic,effective,regional,and high-tech.The UK building code system is divided into four levels:act,regulation,approved document,and standards.It is complete,urban-rural integration of low carbon related laws and regulations,from the evaluation system to the instruction manual,and it guarantees the implementation of energy-saving and emission-reduction technologies of low carbon architecture.Attach importance to the insulation of the envelope structure and the utilization of wind energy which is a technical choice,and regional&technical characteristics starts from the local climate.Particular attention is paid to the insulation of the enclosure constructure.The use of regional advantages of sustainable wind energy and solar energy,and the emphasis on the thermal insulation of the enclosure structure from the regional climate are worthy of appreciation.It focused on the material selection and shape of walls,doors,and windows’design,and implanting new materials and technologies,further more exploring new forms and spatial expressions outside of the masonry tradition.In addition,the PV panels have become the basic configuration of UK low carbon architecture.Photovoltaic power generation also transforms the building from a single energy use and passive solar energy utilization to an active building for generating capacity.The building will also become a place for energy production.Following the technological progress of the times,low carbon architecture in the UK have transformed from passive buildings to active buildings.Moreover,the UK is surrounded by the sea,and has strong wind power.It has the advantage of wind power generation,about half of the world’s offshore wind power generation is in the UK.There are also attempts to install micro-wind power generation devices in buildings.However,due to high noise and vibration,residents’acceptance is not high,and the actual application is not popular.However,wind energy utilization has always been a characteristic part of UK low carbon architecture,while this point has historical origins.Technological dependence and high-cost investment are worthy of reflection.Excessive technological dependence makes the actual energy saving effect unsatisfactory.Finding suitable technologies and seeking simple,easy-to-follow and economical low carbon architecture technologies also have practical significance.The development and characteristics of low carbon architecture in the UK are meaningful for reference.Analyzing and researching the UK low carbon architecture,especially from the legal system and technology application will have positive reference value and promote the sustainable development of Chinese architecture.The UK experiences have extensive learning value for the world’s low carbon architecture.
出处
《西部人居环境学刊》
CSCD
2021年第1期51-56,共6页
Journal of Human Settlements in West China
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(51678481)。
关键词
低碳建筑
法规体系
技术应用
英国建筑实践
Low Carbon Architecture
Legal System
Technology Application
The UK Architectural Practice