大足石刻云纹的装饰设计及意涵

Decoration Design and Religious Implicationof the Cloud Pattern in Dazu Rock Carvings

云纹是大足石刻装饰窟龛数量最多、表现形式最为丰富活跃的纹样。大足云纹的基本样式主要有朵云纹、如意云纹、卷云纹、棉朵云纹、烟云纹、升云纹、灵芝云纹等。北宋之前,大足云纹基本继承了北方中原石窟晚唐时期的U形云纹样式,装饰的位置亦基本一致。南宋则是云纹创新发展的重要转折期,主要以浪漫自由的升云纹与烟云纹、棉朵云纹、卷云纹为主,并在佛龛、毫光、背光的云纹造型样式、装饰位置、画面结构等装饰手法上,以及象征意涵等诸多方面,建构了大足石刻云纹的装饰特征,成为中国佛教石窟艺术史上绽放的光芒四射的一朵奇葩。

The cloud patterns to decorate grottoes and niches are the most abundant and active patterns in Dazu rock carvings.The basic patterns of Dazu cloud patterns mainly include single cloud pattern,wishful cloud pattern,cirrus cloud pattern,cotton cloud pattern,smoke cloud pattern,ascending cloud pattern,ganoderma cloud pattern and so on.Before the northern Song dynasty,Dazu cloud patterns basically inherited the Buddhist U-shaped cloud patterns in the grottoes of the central plains in the north of China in the late Tang period,which were almost in the same decoration position.The southern Song dynasty is the important turning period for the innovation and development of cloud patterns,which mainly consist of romantic and free ascending cloud pattern,smoky cloud pattern,cotton cloud pattern,and cirrus cloud pattern.Many aspects of decorative techniques like modeling style of intense light and backlight cloud patterns in Buddhist altars,decoration position,picture structure and symbolic implication construct the decorative features of the cloud patterns in Dazu rock carvings,which become a brilliant curiosity in the history of Chinese Buddhist grotto art.