改革开放以来刑事冤假错案研究述评与展望

The Research Review and Prospects of Criminal Wrongs Since the Reform and Opening-up

改革开放以来,中国经过四十余年的经济建设,国家面貌日益更新,法制化水平不断提升,法治化治理效果不断显现。理论界和实务界对刑事冤假错案的研究具有重大理论意义和实践价值。刑事冤假错案研究主要历经四个时期:形成期、发展期、壮大期、繁荣期。形成期研究的主要问题有:如何开展富有成效的平反工作,还清白于无辜的人;如何拨乱反正凸显政治正确,为社会主义经济建设疏通梗阻、凝聚人心;如何进行实事求是的刑事司法工作,恢复树立司法权威。发展期研究的主要问题有:除继续围绕刑事冤假错案的界定、危害、司法机关活动原则等问题外,深入到成因、追责、错案赔偿等。壮大期研究的主要问题有:刑事诉讼证据、辩护权、域外经验借鉴和启示等。繁荣期研究的主要问题有:刑事冤假错案的综合治理、防范刑事冤假错案的刑事程序建构及刑事证据制度建设等。四十多年来,刑事冤假错案研究促成了我国刑事诉讼价值选择和制度建设朝着“人权保障”和“良法善治”迈出了坚实的步伐,基本形成了“公正司法”的局面。在司法理念层面,助推了《刑事诉讼法》由注重打击犯罪转向对被追诉人人权的保障;在制度建设层面,助推了“有法”到“良法”的转型,形成了较为齐备良善的刑事诉讼法律制度;在司法实践层面,助推了人权保障理念的落实,使刑事司法人员不愿、不敢、不能办错案。但研究仍有不足之处,如研究方法欠缺科学性系统性;研究视角忽视深层次文化因素分析,欠缺实质性和针对性;学界研究个案的实践能力不强。未来刑事冤假错案研究方法需运用多元的研究工具,反馈实践的广泛性和真实性;运用科学的研究思维,保障研究的精确性和融贯性。拓展文化领域研究,深化文化因子挖掘,探索厉行法治可能面临问题的出路。在证实与证伪的过程中,强化学界实务性实践能力,形成策论性研究价值。发挥刑事冤假错案理论研究效用,对于形成科学的中国特色社会主义刑事诉讼理论体系,完善和发展刑事诉讼制度及运行机制,不无裨益。

Since the reform and opening-up,China’s level of legalization has been continuously improved,and the effect of rule of law governance has been constantly emerging.That the criminal wrongs has been studied by the theoretical and practical circles is of great theoretical and practical significance.The research has mainly experienced four periods:formation period,development period,growth period and prosperity period.The main problems in the four periods include:how to carry out fruitful vindication work and exonerate innocent people,how to correct the chaos and highlight the political correctness,dredge the obstacles and rally the hearts of the people for the socialist economic construction,how to carry out the criminal judicial work of seeking truth from facts and restore the establishment of judicial authority,the cause and responsibility and compensation of the criminal wrongs,evidence in criminal procedure,criminal defense right,and comprehensive management of the criminal wrongs,etc.Over the past 40 years,the research on criminal wrongs has promoted China to take a solid step towards“human rights protection”and“good law and good governance”in terms of value selection and system construction of criminal procedure,forming a situation of“fair justice”.At the level of judicial concept,the shift of China's criminal procedure law from focusing on cracking down on crime to the protection of the human rights of the accused has been promoted.At the level of system construction,the transformation from"existing law"to"good law"has been promoted and a relatively complete and good legal system of criminal procedure has been formed.At the level of judicial practice,the implementation of the concept of human rights protection has been promoted and the criminal justice personnel is unwilling to do wrong cases.However,there are still some shortcomings in the research.For instance,the methods are not scientific and systematic;the analysis of cultural factors is ignored and materiality and pertinence in perspective are short;and the practical ability of case studies in academic circles is short.In the future,as for the method,it is necessary to use multiple research tools to feedback the universality and authenticity of practice.Scholars need to use scientific research thinking to ensure the accuracy and consistency of research.It is necessary to expand the research in the field of culture,make use of the excavation of cultural factors,and explore the way out of the problems that may be faced by the rule of law.In the process of confirmation and falsification,the practical ability of academic affairs should be strengthened to form the value of strategic research.The research of criminal wrongs is beneficial to forming a scientific theoretical system of socialist criminal litigation with Chinese characteristics,improving and developing the criminal litigation system and operation mechanism.