土壤重金属污染现状及检测分析技术研究进展

Research progress in current status of soil heavy metal pollution and analysis technology

土壤重金属污染是中国当前最突出的环境污染问题。污染调查公报显示全国土壤重金属总超标率为16.1%,其中镉的点位超标率为7%,对粮食安全产生威胁。本文介绍了中国土壤重金属污染的现状,梳理了土壤重金属污染检测分析的传统和新兴方法技术,包括重金属全量、化学形态和生物可利用态含量等。同时阐述了土壤重金属污染检测分析技术发展趋势,如分子水平上的重金属元素检测和生物传感技术应用于重金属元素检测。考虑到土壤系统的复杂性,未来发展的重点应实现地学、化学和生物学的交叉,加强重金属生物有效性的理论研究,形成土壤重金属污染的生物有效度分析检测指标体系,使评价方法科学化、标准化、统一化。进一步推动我国的有关分析测试技术标准与国际标准接轨。

Soil heavy metal pollution is currently the most prominent soil environmental pollution problem in China.The total national soil pollution exceedance rate is 16.1%,mainly heavy metal pollution,including cadmium point exceedance rate of 7%,which is threatening on the food security.We introduced the status of soil heavy metal pollution,sorted the traditional and emerging methods and technologies of soil heavy metal pollution detection and analysis,and described the technical trends such as the detection of heavy metals at the molecular level and the application of biosensing technology to the detection of heavy metals.Considering the complexity of the soil system,the focus of future development should be to achieve the intersection of geoscience,chemistry,and biology,strengthen the theoretical research on the bioavailability of heavy metals,form a biological effectiveness analysis and detection indicators for soil heavy metals pollution,and make the evaluation method scientific,standardized,and unified.Make further efforts to promote integration of national heavy metals analysis standards with international standards.