我国动物园与自然保护区人工圈养丹顶鹤种群现状

Status of Red-crowned Cranes(Grus japonensis)in Captivity in Zoos and Nature Reserves in China

丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)是我国Ⅰ级重点保护动物,世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)濒危物种。基于丹顶鹤迁地与就地保护单位的圈养数量调查结果,分析丹顶鹤圈养种群近年数量变化及分布现状,探讨丹顶鹤圈养种群和野生种群的关系及动物园(笼养动物园、半散放动物园、开放式动物园)与自然保护区对圈养丹顶鹤的保护利弊,并对丹顶鹤的圈养管理给出建议。截至2019年12月,累计调查我国大陆地区182个饲养单位(动物园157家,自然保护区25个),其中的90个单位有圈养丹顶鹤(动物园80家,自然保护区10个),圈养丹顶鹤数量总计2386只(动物园1176只,自然保护区1210只),分布在我国28个省份。丹顶鹤圈养种群通过野外驯化和放归方式可以缓解我国丹顶鹤野生种群的濒危状况。笼养动物园丹顶鹤数量显著小于半散放动物园(P<0.05),半散放动物园丹顶鹤数量显著小于开放式动物园(P<0.05),动物园饲养丹顶鹤数量显著小于自然保护区(P<0.05)。笼养动物园设施简单,圈养的丹顶鹤多用于观赏,对圈养丹顶鹤的保护不利。半散放动物园无法进行大量圈养丹顶鹤的高质量管理。开放式动物园与自然保护区占地面积大,驯化条件较好,有利于对圈养丹顶鹤的保护。建议将笼养丹顶鹤转换为散养式饲养,饲养丹顶鹤数量少的动物园可将丹顶鹤引入或并入大型动物园,改善幼鹤饲养环境,并进行单独饲养。

The red-crowned crane(Grus japonensis)is a first-class national protected animal in China and has already been listed as an endangered species on the International Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN)red list.In this study,the quantitative change and distribution status of captive red-crowned crane population in the recent years was first analysed using the data on the number of captive red-crowned cranes in ex-situ and in-situ protecting institutions.The relationship between captive and wild populations of red-crowned cranes,as well as the advantages and disadvantages of zoos(cage zoos,semi-open zoos,and open zoos)and nature reserves in protecting the red-crowned crane,was discussed.Finally,some suggestions on the captivity management of the red-crowned crane were put forward.As of December 2019,a total of 182 protecting institutions(157 zoos and 25 nature reserves)have been investigated in China's Mainland;90 of these institutions had red-crowned cranes in captivity,with a total of 2386 captive red-crowned cranes(1176 in the zoos and 1210 in the nature reserves)distributed in 28 autonomous regions,provinces,or municipalities of China.The average number of red-crowned cranes was significantly lower in cage zoos than in semi-open zoos(P<0.05)and in semi-open zoos than in open zoos(P<0.05).Overall,the average number of red-crowned cranes was significantly lower in zoos than in nature reserves(P<0.05).The facilities in the cage zoos are simple;in these zoos,red-crowned cranes are mostly used to attract tourists.However,this is not favourable for the protection of red-crowned cranes,and the semi-open zoos are also unable to carry out high-quality management of a large number of captive red-crowned cranes.On the contrary,the large sizes of open zoos and nature reserves and the domestication conditions of red-crowned cranes are conducive to the protection of captive red-crowned cranes.The wild population of the red-crowned cranes in China can be increased by domesticating and releasing the captive-bred population.Therefore,first,it is suggested that the red-crowned cranes in the cage zoos with poor feeding conditions should be introduced or incorporated into large zoos.Second,the feeding mode of captive red-crowned cranes should be changed into the free-range feeding type.Finally,it is also necessary to improve the feeding environment of young cranes and raise them separately.