从“名家”到“名学家”——近代学术分科中“名学”和“名学家”之名的生成

From “Mingjia” to “Mingxuejia”:Birth of the Names of “Mingjia” and “Mingxuejia” in Modern Discipline System

中国古代有"辩者"之称,无"名学"之名。传统知识分类体系有"名家"之位,无"名学家"之说。"名家"如何在近代学科分类中演变为"名学"和"名学家"?随着晚清分科体系的建立和大量新名词、新概念的涌入,一系列学科新名词,如化学、计学、名学等被创制生成。词缀"学"在指称学术思想之外成为了具有近代学科意义的学科名称的后缀。在此背景下,"名学"成为了一门学科(discipline)。从"名家"到"名学家"并非自然直接的过渡,除了需要"名学"转接外,还需要"家"这一新词缀。此外,"名学家"一词的创制还与近代汉语在构词上通过附加类词缀构造新词以及汉语的词汇化现象有关。

There was a name of"sophists"in ancient China,but without the name of"mingxue".Chinese traditional knowledge classification system had the category of"mingjia",but without"mingxuejia".How was"Mingjia"generated into"Mingxuejia"?With the establishment of the discipline system in the late Qing Dynasty and the influx of a large number of new nouns and concepts,many new terms,such as"chemistry","jixue"and"mingxue"were created.The affix"xue"became the suffix for the name of discipline which was of modern disciplinary significance apart from that it referred to academic thought.Under this background,"Mingxue"had become a discipline.The term"Mingxuejia"did not evolve naturlly and directly from"Mingxuejia",which needed the new affix"jia"after the word"Mingxue".The coinage of the word"Mingxuejia"was related with the fact that the new word was formed through adding quasi-affix and the lexicalization of Chinese language in modern Chinese.