意大利蜜蜂和中华蜜蜂对大豆不育系授粉效果的比较

Comparison of Pollination Effects Between Apis mellifera ligustica and Apis cerana cerana for Soybean Sterile Lines

为提高大豆不育系的异交结实率和产量,需要选择适合大豆不育系传粉的蜜蜂种类,本研究采用意大利蜜蜂(意蜂)和中华蜜蜂(中蜂)对2个大豆不育系H3A和24A进行授粉试验,利用样方内计数和摄像的方法,统计访花蜜蜂数量和单花访问时间,采用常规考种统计授粉后的单株荚数、单株粒数、单株产量和百粒重等大豆产量相关性状,并调查了4个处理的访花情况,系统比较了两种蜜蜂对大豆不育系授粉效果的影响。结果表明:不同处理的访花动态趋势基本一致,呈双高峰,两高峰均分布在10∶00—14∶00。对于不育系H3A和24A,意蜂的单花访问时间均短于中蜂的单花访问时间。访问24A的中蜂和意蜂数量少于对H3A的访问数量。对于不育系24A,访花的意蜂数量显著高于访花中蜂数量(P<0.01)。4个处理授粉后的大豆单株荚数、单株粒数和单株产量的结果均呈现出同一趋势,即Aml-24A最高,之后依次为Aml-H3A、Acc-24A和Acc-H3A;同一不育系,意蜂授粉后的单株荚数、单株粒数和单株产量均显著高于中蜂(P<0.05);意蜂授粉后的H3A和24A的单株产量分别是对应中蜂授粉后的1.26和1.51倍。不同蜂种授粉后24A的百粒重均显著高于H3A(P<0.01)。综合可见,在有限区域内,意蜂和中蜂均能完成大豆授粉,授粉效果意蜂优于中蜂。

To improve the outcrossing seed setting rate and yield of soybean sterile lines, two soybean sterile lines H3 A and 24 A were pollinated by Apis mellifera ligustica(Aml)and Apis cerana cerana(Acc). The number of honeybees-visiting and the flower-visiting time were counted by counting in Quadrat and video observation, and the pods number, seeds number, and yield per plant and the 100-seed weight of the yield-related traits after pollination were investigated by means of conventional examination, the effects of two honeybees on the pollination of soybean sterile lines were compared systematically. The results showed that the dynamic trend of flower-visiting in the different treatments was basically the same, showing a double peak, and the two peaks were distributed from 10∶00 to 14∶00. For sterile lines H3 A and 24 A, the single-flower visiting time of Aml was shorter than that of Acc. The number of Aml and Acc that visited 24 A was less than that of H3 A. For sterile lines 24 A, the number of Aml was significantly higher than that of Acc(P<0.01). The results of pods number, seeds number and yield per plant showed the same trend in four treatments, Aml-24 A was the highest, followed by Aml-h3 A, Acc-24 A and Acc-H3 A. For the same sterile lines, the pods number, seeds number and yield per plant after pollination by Aml were significantly higher than those by Acc(P<0.05), and the yield per plant after pollination by Aml were 1.26 and 1.51 times of Acc, respectively. After different bee species pollination, the 100-seed weight of 24 A was significantly higher than that of H3 A(P<0.01). In conclusion, both Aml and Acc could complete soybean pollination in a limited area, and the pollination effect of Aml was better than that of Acc.