明朝立国前后的军中舍人与演武余丁

The Sheren and Drill Yuding in the Army before and after the Founding of the Ming Dynasty

在明朝建立之前,为了保持军力,大批在伍官兵户下的男丁被以操练舍人或演武余丁的名义提前招入军中训练并参战,进而演化出多种名目的舍人和正军家下男丁可合法代之参战的制度。明初军役仅由正军负担的传统观点需要适当修正。明朝建立后,多种名目的舍人逐渐被撤销、合并,最后仅存散骑舍人和听差舍人,但提前入伍的祖制以幼官舍人营和随侍营的名义保留下来,只是其军事职能日渐丧失,逐渐沦为猥贱杂差。明朝中后期,由于卫军逃亡等原因,明廷重新捡起强征舍人、余丁入伍的“法宝”,不仅没有达到预期效果,反而引发了一系列问题。

Before the establishment of the Ming Dynasty,a large number son or brothers of officers and soldiers serving in the military were recruited into the army and training or participated in the military in order to maintain the military power.They were called as Sheren and drilling Yuding,and therefore evolved the system of variety of the name of Shenren and the men under the military households could legally substitute.The traditional view of the Ming military service is only limited to Zhengjun(正军)needs to be appropriately corrected.After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty,a variety of names were gradually revoked,merged,and finally only the sanqi Sheren(散骑舍人)and waiting Sheren(听差舍人),however,the old system that the heirs entered army in advance was retained.They were built into two military camps,one called the juvenile camp,and another called the servile camp.But the military function was gradually lost and gradually become measly factotum.Due to the cause of the soldiers,the government re-picked up the“magic weapon”that Sheren and Yuding were forced into the army in the middle and later periods of Ming Dynasty.But it did not reach the expected effect because of the times changed,and caused a series of issues.