制度变迁下农垦城镇空间演化及其动力机制研究——以湖北省五三农场为例

Spatial evolution of farm towns and its dynamic mechanism from the perspective of institutional change:A case study of Wusan Farm in Hubei Province

制度变迁是城镇空间演化的重要驱动,农垦城镇作为一类特殊且重要的城镇类型,受制度因素影响更直接、更显著。鉴于现有研究较少基于制度变迁探究农垦城镇空间演化,论文系统梳理了农场制度变迁的总体情况,并以湖北省五三农场为例,采用综合研究方法,揭示了制度变迁下农垦城镇空间演化及其动力机制。研究发现:①农垦城镇空间演化主要体现在空间形态、空间关系和功能结构3个方面,即空间形态从缓变到剧变,空间关系从生产协作关系转为城乡关系,功能结构不断从公办到私营、从生产主导到消费主导、从单一化到多元化;②制度变迁通过改变农场身份、利益关系和资源配置推动农垦城镇空间演化,其中农场身份变化直接影响农垦城镇空间的发展方向,利益关系变化促使农垦城镇空间产业化、市场化,资源配置变化通过改变资源配置主体、类型、尺度和速度作用于农垦城镇空间演化。通过研究,以期能更有针对性地指导农垦城镇在新时期的发展,同时也可丰富城镇空间演化的理论内涵。

Institutional change is a major driving force for urban spatial evolution. As a special and important type of town, farm towns are more affected by institutional factors. Given that existing research is less involved in the evolution of farm towns under institutional changes, this study first systematically reviewed the overall situation of the changes in the farm system. Then taking the Wusan Farm, a state-owned farm in Hubei Province,as an example and using a comprehensive research approach including text analysis, non-participatory observation, and in-depth interviews, this study examined the spatial evolution of farm towns and its dynamic mechanism under institutional changes since the founding of the People’s Republic of China. The results reveal that: 1) The spatial evolution of farm towns is mainly reflected in three aspects: spatial form, spatial relationship,and spatial function. The spatial form has undergone a process from slow change to drastic change. Spatial relationship has shifted from the production collaboration relationship to the rural-urban relationship. Spatial function changed from public operation to private operation, production-oriented to consumption-oriented, and single function to diversification. 2) Institutional change promotes the spatial evolution of farm towns by changing the role of the farm, interest relationships, and resource allocation. The change of farm identities directly affects the development direction of farm towns. As a result, the farms’ corporate identity is becoming more prominent. Changes in the interest relations promote the industrialization and marketization of farm town space. Therefore, industrial parks, commercial streets, and industrial clusters have emerged and developed rapidly. Changes in resource allocation affect the spatial evolution of farm towns by changing the subject, type,scale, and speed of resource allocation. Through this research, we hope to be able to guide the development of farm towns in the new era. For example, we believe that clarifying the relationship between the institutional changes at the national level and the institutional changes at the reclamation administration level can guide the development of farm towns. Likewise, the development of farm towns must pursue quality and efficiency rather than the simple expansion of built-up areas, because farm towns do not have enough land to support extensive development. We also hope that this study can enrich the theoretical research of urban spatial evolution.