水稻氮高效栽培技术、品种改良和生理机制研究进展

Progress on cultivation technologies,variety improvements and physiological mechanisms of rice with high nitrogen utilization efficiency

氮肥施用对保障我国粮食安全具有重要意义,但是过量施用氮肥不仅降低了氮素利用效率,还带来了一系列环境污染问题。协同提高产量与氮素利用效率是21世纪以来我国水稻生产面临的一项重要挑战,同时也是当前水稻栽培、生理与育种研究的热点。本文介绍了国内外典型氮肥管理策略的基本原理与施肥技术;总结了氮高效水稻品种尤其是绿色超级稻的氮高效相关农艺性状;综述了水稻高效吸收利用氮素的生理和分子机制,尤其是氮素对叶片结构及光合生理的影响和近期发现的重要氮高效基因。

Nitrogen fertilizer application plays an important role in ensuring food security in China,but excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer not only reduces the nitrogen utilization efficiency(NUE),but also results in a series of environmental pollution problems.Synergistic increase of yield and NUE is an important challenge in rice production in China since the 21st century,and it is currently a hot spot in studying the cultivation,physiology and breeding of rice as well.This article introduced the basic principles and fertilization techniques of typical nitrogen fertilizer management strategies at home and abroad.The agronomic traits related to nitrogen efficiency of rice varieties with high NUE,especially the green super rice,were summarized.The physiological and molecular mechanisms of high-efficiency absorption and utilization of nitrogen by rice,especially the effects of nitrogen on leaf structure/photosynthetic physiology and the important genes regulating NUE discovered recently were reviewed.