Russian Scientific Investigations in China in the Nineteenth Century

19世纪俄国在华科学考察史

This article aims to study the history of scientific investigations in China in the nineteenth century,made by Russian scientists who ranged in status and position including official agents,the directors of the Russian Magneto-Meteorological Observatory in Beijing,the members of the Russian Orthodox Mission(ROM),and others.The article gives a detailed analysis of the unique expeditions of H.Fritsche(1839–1913),director of the Russian Magneto-Meteorological Observatory in Beijing,and Archimandrite Palladius(1817–1878),head of the ROM to the northeast part of China.During those expeditions,existing maps were corrected and new maps were made.The article also covers the history of natural science investigations,made by other members of missions,doctors,and attached persons.This article employs sources from Russian archives(Saint Petersburg Branch of the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences,Russian State Historical Archive,Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire),which were rarely used by the scientific community,and adopts an empirical approach based on objectivity and historicism to the sources and research.

本文旨在研究19世纪俄国科学家在华科学考察史,这些科学家的地位、职务各异,包括官方代理人、北京地磁气象台台长和俄国东正教传教士团成员等。文章详细分析了北京地磁气象台台长傅烈旭(H.Fritsche,1839~1913)和传教士团团长修士大司祭巴拉第(Archimandrite Palladius,1817~1878)在中国东北进行的独特科考活动。他们在科考过程中修正了当时的地图,还绘制了新的地图。此外,文章介绍了其他传教士团成员、医生和随行人员在华的自然科学考察。本文利用了学界此前较少利用的俄罗斯档案馆资料(包括俄罗斯科学院档案馆圣彼得堡分馆、俄罗斯国家历史档案馆和俄罗斯帝国对外政策档案馆等),并通过基于客观性和历史主义的经验主义方法考察相关文献并进行研究。