地下空间施工技术进展及数智化技术现状

Progress in Underground Space Construction Technology and Technical Challenges of Digital Intelligence

自21世纪以来,中国国民经济飞速发展,地上空间资源的利用日趋饱和,城市面临着“摊大饼”式快速扩张问题。随着地下隧道、地下车站、地下综合体等重点地下工程项目的建设,地下工程呈现出微变形、小间距、大断面、大埋深、高精度、长距离和超大规模等特点,面临着“水、软、变形难以预测”三大技术难题,严重影响了地下空间的发展,给我国地下工程施工技术与施工装备带来了严峻挑战。为此,总结分析了近年来地下空间尤其是城市地下空间近接施工技术、施工装备和数智化技术等方面的技术进展与创新,详细分析了软土富水地层位移和变形控制技术,提出富水地层冻结技术和跨地铁运营隧道综合辅助施工控制技术;介绍了集合人工智能、物联网等新一代前沿技术和隧道装备核心共性技术,以及具有绿色化、智能化且具有自主知识产权的典型超级地下工程装备。从设计、施工、监测、运维4个方面介绍了现代地下空间数智化技术的特点以及应用情况。强调通过地下空间信息的共建共享,构建可视化的地下空间信息平台,是实现“透明地下空间”的基础;对复杂地质条件灾害的预警与控制,是地下工程安全建设的有力保障;基于物联网、大数据等现代信息技术的控制管理系统,是支撑智慧城市基础设施安全的关键;并指出未来地下工程需加强数智化技术应用,实现整个建设过程的精细化、数字化、智能化以及信息化。

With the rapid development of the Chinese economy at the beginning of the 21 st century, above-ground space resources have become increasingly saturated, and cities are faced with rapid expansion. With the construction of tunnels, metro stations, and complex underground projects, underground engineering structures exhibit unique characteristics, such as micro deformation, small spacings, large sections, deep buried depths, high precision, extended distances, and large sizes. These projects face three significant technical problems: water, softness, and deformation. These factors are difficult to predict and lead to challenges for underground construction technology and equipment. Therefore, this paper reviews and analyzes the technical progress and innovation in underground engineering in recent years, particularly construction technology, construction equipment, and digitalization technology. Displacement and deformation control techniques for water-rich strata in soft soil were analyzed in detail. The ground freezing technology of water-rich strata and comprehensive auxiliary construction control techniques for shield tunnels passing beneath metro tunnels are proposed. Typical super underground engineering equipment with green, intelligent, and independent intellectual property rights, which integrate artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, and other leading-edge and core technologies for equipment, were described. The characteristics of modern underground space digitalization technology were established based on the following aspects: design, construction, monitoring, operation, maintenance, and application. The construction of a visual underground space information platform is the basis of achieving “transparent underground space” through co-construction and sharing of underground space information. The advanced forecasting and control of adverse geological, environmental disasters can ensure underground engineering safety. A control and management system based on the Internet of Things, big data, and other modern information technologies is critical in constructing the security of smart city infrastructure. Future underground engineering should strengthen the application of digital intelligence technology and achieve refinement, digitization, intelligence, and information of the entire construction.