纪检监察机关大数据监督的规范化与制度构建

Normalization and Institution Construction for Big Data Supervision by Disciplinary Inspection and Supervision Organs

多地纪检监察机关开展的大数据监督实践探索,推动了权力监督制约机制的现代化,也引发了对于大数据监督正当性的追问。当前的大数据监督实践,缺乏规范化的大数据支撑和明晰的大数据监督准则,在制度层面存在赋权不足和限权不足的问题。完善大数据监督制度,既需要对纪检监察机关共享大数据予以制度赋权,也需要强化对纪检监察机关大数据监督的权力制约,化解数据处理规则与监督规则、数字逻辑与法律专业逻辑之间的冲突。应明确纪检监察机关对政务大数据的共享权力,及其对政法类数据与法律监督类数据的调取和使用规则;规范纪检监察机关技术调查手段的使用;改进非立案情形下的数据查询制度。纪检监察机关在查办涉嫌刑事犯罪的案件时,还应对照刑事诉讼证据规则搜集、调取和固定证据,避免证据因违反法定程序而被排除。

The practical exploration of big data supervision by disciplinary inspection and supervision organs in many places has promoted the modernization of power supervision and restriction mechanisms, and give rise to questions about the legitimacy of big data supervision. The current practice of big data supervision lacks both standardized big data support and clear big data supervision criteria, and has problems of insufficient empowerment and limited competence at the institutional level. The improvement of the big data supervision system requires not only institutionally empowering disciplinary inspection and supervision organs to share big data, but also strengthening the restriction on the big data supervision power of disciplinary inspection and supervision organs, so as to resolve the conflicts between data rules and supervision rules, and between digital logic and legal professional logic. China should clarify the power of disciplinary inspection and supervision organs to share government big data and the rules for the acquirement and use of procuratorial, judicial, and public security data and legal supervision data, standardize the use of technical investigation means by disciplinary inspection and supervision organs, and improve the institution of data inquiry in non-case filing situations. When investigating cases involving suspected crimes, disciplinary inspection and supervision organs should collect, acquire and fix evidence in accordance with the rules of evidence in criminal procedure, so as to prevent such evidence from being excluded due to violation of legal procedures.