清代“跨性别者”的日常生活、生计浅探

On the Daily Life and Livelihood of a“Transgender”in Qing Dynasty

档案对研究清代社会的边缘群体至关重要。“熊尔圣案”这一乾隆朝奇案的相关档案,为探究清代“跨性别者”这一“边缘中的边缘”群体提供了可能。不同于一般的“男扮女装”行为者,“跨性别者”的“男扮女装”行为基于其自身认知,并不具有贪财图色目的性。“熊尔圣案”中熊尔圣行为的诸多细节,证明其确属极不多见的,为官方所察觉的“跨性别者”。其生活与生计样貌,被官方档案保留下来,展现了一个尽管初期颠沛流离,频繁迁移,但最终成功建立并牢固了社会关系,又因并无犯罪倾向,而成功长久地保守秘密的“跨性别者”的生命历程。然而,根深蒂固的“奸民”认知,使对熊尔圣的审判尽管出于明显的“有罪推定”,但仍毫无争议地施以重惩。对熊尔圣的生活与生计的探讨,从别样的角度展示出18世纪中国性别问题的另一面向。

Archives are very important to the study of marginal groups in the Qing Dynasty(1644⁃1911).The related files of the Case of Xiong Ersheng(熊尔圣)in the reign of Qianlong make it possible to explore the transgender group,“the margin of the marginal”groups of the Qing Dynasty.Different from the general“men dressed as women,”the transgenders dressed as women on the basis of their own cognition without the greed for money and sex.Many details of Xiong Ersheng’s behavior prove that this is an extremely rare case of“transgender”as perceived by the government.What his life and livelihood look like has been preserved by the official archives.These documents unfold before our eyes the life course of a“transgender”who,despite his initial homeless and miserable plight and frequent migrations,finally succeeded in establishing and strengthening social relations and in keeping his secrets for a long time because he had no criminal intent.However,due to the deep⁃rooted perception of a“scoundrel,”Xiong Ersheng was severely punished without any dispute in his trial,even though it was based on an apparent“presumption of guilt.”The discussion of Xiong Ersheng’s life and livelihood shows another aspect of China’s gender problem in the 18th century from a different perspective.