玉米细胞质雄性不育与恢复基因研究进展

Research Advances on Cytoplasmic Male Sterility and Restorer Genes in Maize

玉米作为我国重要的粮、饲两用作物在保障粮食安全,推动社会经济发展和提供工业能源等方面扮演着关键的角色。细胞质雄性不育是高等植物中普遍存在的生物学现象,玉米细胞质雄性不育可以分为T型、C型与S型3种类型。不育基因来源于线粒体基因重排形成嵌合基因,新形成的嵌合基因对花药中小孢子的发育产生危害导致败育的发生。恢复基因的存在可以消除不育基因的危害,使小孢子正常生长。由于不育基因为线粒体基因,恢复基因为细胞核基因,对细胞质不育与恢复机理的研究同样是探究质-核互作关系的桥梁。同时对雄性不育系的利用是玉米利用杂种优势的一个重要技术手段,玉米生产上利用细胞质雄性不育对于作物杂种优势的利用、杂交种的制种都有重要意义,不但能够解放劳动力降低制种成本,而且提高了制种纯度增加产量。对玉米细胞质雄性不育的分类、特征及近年来发现的玉米细胞质雄性不育基因与育性恢复基因进行概述,并探讨了玉米细胞质雄性不育应用过程中的问题与发展前景,以其为细胞质雄性不育在生产上的推广利用提供参考。

As an important food and forage crops in China,corn plays a key role in guaranteeing food security,promoting social and economic development and providing industrial energy.Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a common biological phenomenon in higher plants.CMS of maize can be divided into three types:T type,C type and S type.Sterility genes are derived from mitochondrial gene rearrangement to form chimeric genes.The newly formed chimeric genes harm the development of anther microspores and lead to abortion.The existence of restorer gene can eliminate the harm of sterility gene and make microspore grow normally.Since the sterility genes are mitochondrial genes and the restorer genes are nuclear genes,the study on the mechanism of cytoplasmic sterility and restorer is also a bridge to explore the relationship between cytoplasmic and nuclear interactions.At the same time,the utilization of male sterile lines is an important technical means for maize to utilize heterosis.The utilization of cytoplasmic male sterile lines in maize production is of great significance to the utilization of crop heterosis and seed production of hybrid seeds.It can not only liberate labor force and reduce seed production cost,but also improve seed production purity and increase yield.In this paper,the classification and characteristics of CMS in maize as well as the CMS genes and fertility restorer genes discovered in maize in recent years were summarized,and the problems and development prospects in the application of CMS in maize were discussed,which could provide references for the promotion and utilization of CMS in production.