中国草地外来生物入侵现状与防控建议

Status of invasive alien species in grassland of China and suggestions for prevention and control

草地是我国生态系统的重要组成部分,更是我国畜牧业发展的重要物质基础。外来生物入侵迫使我国脆弱的草地生态系统雪上加霜,严重威胁生态安全、生物安全和畜牧业高质量发展。本文全面总结了我国草地外来入侵生物的物种组成、来源及其危害,系统分析了重要外来生物的入侵扩散机制和防控现状。根据文献统计,我国草地外来入侵生物共有176种,包括入侵植物145种,入侵动物25种,入侵微生物6种,它们主要来源于北美洲。大量外来生物入侵直接影响了草地物种多样性,破坏了草地生态系统的结构和功能,严重威胁人畜健康和社会经济可持续发展。草地外来生物成功入侵与其自身的生物学生态学特性、与本地种的相互作用和环境条件的可入侵性密切相关,虽然目前利用化学防治、生物防治和生态控制等技术可以进行有效防治,但防控的实效性、可持续性差,建议建立基于智能识别与监测预警,集成应急阻截和持续减灾等关键技术的系统解决方案,实现外来入侵物种早发现、早治理,为快速抑制扩散蔓延和区域持续减灾提供科技支撑。

Grassland is not only an important component of China’s ecosystem but also an important material basis for the development of animal husbandry in China.Invasion of alien species have made the fragile grassland ecosystem becomes worsen in China and thus seriously threat to ecological security,biological security and high-quality development of animal husbandry.In this paper,we systematically summarized the species composition,sources and hazards of invasive alien species(IAS)in grassland of China,and explored the mechanism of the invasion and spread of important invasive alien species and the status of prevention and control.According to our literature statistics,there are 176 IAS in grassland of China,including 145 invasive alien plants,25 invasive alien animals and six invasive alien microorganisms.Most of these IAS were native to North America.The invasion of these IAS affect the diversity of grassland species,destroy the structure and function of grassland ecosystem,and seriously affect human and animal health and social and economic sustainable development.The successful invasions of these IAS are related to their biological and ecological characteristics,interaction with native species and invasibility of local environmental conditions.At present,chemical control,biological control and ecological control were mainly employed to control the invasion and spread of these IAS,but the effectiveness and sustainability of prevention and control are poor.In the future,it is suggested to establish a system solution based on intelligent identification,monitoring and early warning,integrated with key technologies such as emergency interception and sustainable disaster reduction,so as to realize early detection and management of invasive species,and provide scientific and technological support for rapid control of the spread of invasive species and sustainable disaster reduction in grassland of China.