政策及要素分析视角下21世纪中美高等教育国际化特征比较

A Comparative Study on the Internationalization of Higher Education Between China and America in the 21st Century: From Perspective of Policy and Factor Analysis

从政策特征及要素分析的视角,对21世纪以来中美两国高等教育国际化水平进行比较,可以进一步厘清新时代中国高等教育国际化发展定位和路向。从宏观政策层面看,两国高等教育政策均具有“国家本位”特征。从差异性上看,中国高等教育政策体现出政府主导、循序渐进和一以贯之等特征,而美国的高等教育政策则表征出政党主导、分权管辖和变动不居等;在管理体制层面,中国的“两纵三横”式和美国的“多元参与”式具有各自的内在优势与不足;在学生、教师、课程的国际化方面,中国与美国相比虽有明显差距,但中国在留学生规模和质量、教师科研成果、课程开发等方面的势头正旺。在后疫情时代,我国高等教育国际化在政策价值取向、管理体制效能、发展模式创新以及人才培养质量方面的转变将进一步激发其发展潜力。

From the perspective of policy characteristics and factors analysis, this paper compares the internationalization of higher education in China and the United States, which can further clarify the orientation and direction of China’s higher education internationalization in the new era. In the aspect of policies, both countries have the similar characteristics of state-oriented. As for their differences, China’s relevant policies show the characteristics of government leading, gradual and consistent, while the American ones show party leading, decentralization and constant changes and so on. In terms of management system, China’s“two vertical and three horizontal”model and America’s “multiple participation” model have their own internal advantages and disadvantages. Although there is an obvious gap between China and the United States in terms of internationalization of students, teachers and courses, China has great potential for development in these areas. In the post-epidemic era, the transformation of the internationalization of higher education in China in terms of policy orientation, management system, development model and talent cultivation will further stimulate its development potential.