废锂离子电池正极材料中锂元素选择性回收的研究进展

Review on selective recovery of lithium from cathode materials in spent lithium-ion batteries

随着新能源汽车市场的蓬勃发展,锂离子电池作为新能源汽车的关键部件,面临着关键金属资源尤其是锂资源供给不足的风险,回收废锂离子电池中所含的二次锂资源将成为解决锂资源供需问题、推动行业可持续发展的重要途经。因此为实现废锂离子电池中锂元素的高效提取,分步或优先提取的选择性提锂工艺备受研究者们关注。本文介绍了火法、湿法、机械化学法和电化学法四种当前主流的选择性提锂工艺,在阐述其基础反应机理的基础上,总结归纳了各工艺最新的研究成果,并从提取过程中的工艺能耗、物耗、回收率、选择性、环境影响等多个角度对各工艺的优势和不足进行了深入分析。最后,对废锂离子电池中有价金属资源化回收的发展趋势及前景进行了展望,为未来研发更加清洁高效的回收工艺提供参考。

With the vigorous development of the energy vehicle market,lithium-ion battery,as the key component of the new energy vehicles,has been facing the risk with insufficient supply of critical metal resources especially lithium resource.Recycling secondary lithium resources contained in waste lithium-ion batteries will become an indispensable way to solve the problem of unbalanced supply and demand of lithium resources and promote the sustainable development of the industry.Therefore,selective extraction of lithium by step or priority,which could promote efficient extraction of lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries,has attracted much attention of researchers.This review introduces four current mainstream methods of selective extraction including pyrometallurgy,hydrometallurgy,mechanochemical method and electrochemical method.And based on explaining their basic reaction mechanism,the results of the latest researches are summarized separately and the advantages and disadvantages of each extraction method are deeply analyzed from the several quantitative indexes such as energy consumption,material consumption,recovery ratio,selectivity and environmental impact.Finally,the development trend and prospect of the recovery of valuable metals in spent lithium-ion batteries are put forward,aiming at providing references for the development of cleaner and more efficient recycling process in the future.