《民法典》视域下土地经营权担保规则之续造

Continuation of the Rules on Security for Land Management Rights in the Context of the Civil Code

虽然《民法典》和《农村土地承包法》共同确立了土地经营权担保的基本规则,但如何具体实现仍需从解释论上予以细化。当前以权利性质界定为前提来构建土地经营权担保规则的形式主义路径既与立法相悖,方法论上亦存在缺陷,更不具现实可行性。应以立法者构建土地经营权及其担保规则的目的为逻辑起点,搁置土地经营权性质界定争议,在《民法典》担保制度贯彻“功能主义”的背景下,用“土地经营权担保物权”概念来一体化反映和解释承包地上形成的具有担保功能的各种权利类型,并以此来续造土地经营权担保物权规则。进而在现行法律框架内展开形成以“登记对抗主义”为主导的土地经营权担保物权设立规则、兼顾多方利益主体的土地经营权担保物权效力规则以及多元化的土地经营权担保物权实现规则。

Although the Civil Code and the Rural Land Contracting Law jointly establish the basic rules of security for land management rights,how they are to be realized still needs to be refined in terms of interpretation.The current formalistic path of constructing security rules for land management rights based on the nature of rights is not only contrary to legislation,but also not feasible due to methodological flaw.We should take the legislators’purpose of constructing the land management right and its security rules as our logical starting point,put aside the controversy over the definition of the nature of land management right,and use the concept of"security right in land management right"to reflect and explain all types of rights with security function on contracted land and to renew the system of rules on security rights in land management in the context of the implementation of"functionalism"in the security system of the Civil Code.This will lead to the formation of rules for the establishment of security rights in land management rights led by"registration adversarialism",rules for the effectiveness of security rights in land management rights that take multiple subjects of interest into account and diversified rules for the realization of security rights in land management rights.