清中期立嗣过继中家庭与家关系分析

An Analysis of the Relationship between Household and Family in the Designation of an Inheritor in the Mid-Qing Dynasty

清代中期的立嗣过继在不同层级的“家”之中进行,基本规则是以同父周亲之“家”为基础,进而形成由亲及疏的扩展格局。对官私制度和个案研究显示,民间立嗣过继多遵循了规则要求,同父周亲之“家”是主要的择嗣范围,其次是同祖之家,两者占比超过80%。当有多个可选择的过继对象时,立嗣者往往从有利于家产保护、现有生存条件维护角度考虑入继人选。立嗣过继增强了“家”内立嗣与出继两个小家庭之间的关系,但立嗣家庭与丧失过继机会的家庭之间则往往有矛盾发生。此外,过继者与原生家庭之间形成了新的利益格局,在不同层级“家”内形成错综复杂的关系。

The designation of an inheritor in the mid-Qing Dynasty was carried out at different levels of the household and the family.The basic rule of inheritance was based on the “family” of the same father,and then expanded to include close relatives to distant relatives.The institutions and case show that naming an inheritor mostly followed these requirements.The “family” of the same father was the main basis for selection,followed by the family of the same ancestor.These two criteria accounted for more than 80% of inheritors.When there were multiple heir candidates,the selector generally considered the candidates from the perspective of being conducive to the protection of family property and the maintenance of existing living standards.The completion of the inheritor selections enhanced the relationship between the families who selected heirs and the family who provided the heir,but there were often contradictions between the families who selected heirs and the families who lost the opportunity to provide the heir.In addition,a new interest pattern had been formed between the heir and his original family.The family relationships at different levels were therefore more complex.