高标准国际经贸规则解读、形成的挑战与中国应对——基于美式、欧式、亚太模板的比较分析

Interpretation of High-standard International Economic and Trade Rules,Challenges and China’s Response:Comparative Analysis Based on American,European and Asia-Pacific Templates

目前,国际经贸规则领域已经形成美欧亚“三分天下”的局面。文章对高水平国际经贸规则“美式模板”、“欧式模板”与“亚太模板”的代表性自由贸易协定进行全面解读,挖掘规则异同,剖析对中国现行制度的挑战并提出对策建议。结论如下:(1)高标准自由贸易协定议题涵盖广泛、要求严格、程序完善,但是在文本结构、核心内容以及规则特征方面差异明显;(2)三大模板在谈判重点、规则体系化与高标准程度、与国家战略的结合度、对待发展议题的态度以及影响力方面差异较大;(3)对中国的挑战主要来自于CPTPP与USMCA,领域集中在数字贸易、知识产权、国有企业、劳工等方面。中国应理性对标和自主创新两手抓,在有效应对挑战的同时,积极推动制度型开放。

At present,the field of international economic and trade rules is dominated by the United States,the EU and Asia.This paper comprehensively interprets the representative FTAs of“American template”,“European template”and“Asia-Pacific template”of high-level international economic and trade rules,probes into the similarities and differences of the rules,analyzes the challenges to China’s current system and puts forward countermeasures and suggestions.The conclusions are as follows:(1)high-standard FTAs cover a wide range of topics,have strict requirements and have perfect procedures,but there are significant differences in text structure,core content and rule characteristics;(2)the three templates differ greatly in terms of negotiation focus,rule systematization and high standard,integration with national strategy,attitude towards the development issues and influence;(3)the challenges to China mainly come from CPTPP and USMCA,focusing on digital trade,intellectual property,state-owned enterprises,labor,etc.China should attach equal importance to rational benchmarking and independent innovation,and actively advance institutional opening-up while effectively meeting the challenges.