空间基础零部件超精密抛光技术研究进展

Research Progress of Ultra-precision Polishing Technologies for Basic Components of Spacecraft

轴承、齿轮、陀螺仪谐振子、反射镜等是实现航天器旋转支撑、动力传递、姿态控制、空间探测等功能的核心基础零部件,直接影响航天器的性能、寿命和可靠性。为了确保航天任务顺利进行,空间基础零部件必须拥有优异的使役性能、高的可靠性和长的寿命,其工作面的状态是关键影响因素。为此,基于制造角度,必须不断提高工作面的精度和表面质量。然而,空间基础零部件的工作面多为复杂曲面,且材料包含多种元素和金相组织,可控抛光难度大。从轴承、齿轮、陀螺仪谐振子、反射镜等4种空间基础零部件的特点出发,简要陈述了各自的超精密抛光需求及必要性,分类总结了现有的超精密抛光技术,如应用于轴承的双盘研磨抛光、电化学机械抛光、流变抛光,应用于齿轮的磨粒流抛光、流变抛光、电化学机械抛光,应用于陀螺仪谐振子的流变抛光、飞秒激光和离子束质量调平,以及应用于反射镜的磁流变抛光、计算机控制光学表面成型、气囊抛光、离子束修形抛光等,阐述了各种抛光技术的原理和效果,最后展望了超精密抛光技术的发展方向,以期为空间基础零部件的超精密加工提供借鉴。

Bearings,gears,harmonic resonators of gyroscopes,and mirrors are the core basic components to realize rotation support,power transmission,attitude control,and space exploration of spacecraft.They directly affect the performance,life,and reliability of spacecraft.To ensure the smooth progress of space missions,the basic components of spacecraft must possess excellent service performance,high reliability,and long service life.The state of the working surfaces is the key influencing factor.Therefore,the accuracy and surface quality of the working surfaces must be continuously improved from the manufacturing perspective.However,most of the working surfaces of basic components of spacecraft are complex and curved,and the materials contain various elements and metallographic structures.Therefore,it is difficult to achieve consistent and controllable polishing.Based on the characteristics of bearings,gears,harmonic resonators of gyroscopes,and mirrors,this work briefly stated the demand and necessity of ultra-precision polishing,classified and summarized the existing ultra-precision polishing technologies,such as lapping and chemical mechanical polishing,electrochemical mechanical polishing,and rheological polishing applied to bearings,abrasive flow polishing,rheological polishing,and electrochemical mechanical polishing applied to gears,rheological polishing,femtosecond laser balancing,and ion beam balancing applied to gyroscope resonators,magnetorheological polishing,computer controlled optical surfacing,bonnet polishing,and ion beam figuring and polishing applied to mirrors,described their polishing principles and performance,and finally briefly prospected the future development,so as to provide a reference for ultra-precision machining of basic components of spacecraft.