政策企业家理论及其“中国化”的双重批判--兼说“全过程民主”的逻辑意蕴

Policy Entrepreneur Theory and the Double Critique on Its “Sinicization”--Also about the Logical Implications of “Whole-Process Democracy”

20世纪70年代政策企业家理论在美国诞生后,迅速普及并应用于西方世界。20世纪末,该理论被引入中国,随之开启了一场“中国化”历程。然而,政策企业家理论只是西方深化“资本干政”的新策略,并不具有普适性。实质上,随着现代资本主义政党政治、选举政治和议会政治等屡遭民众质疑,利益集团总会另寻一个更安全隐蔽的“代言人”,因此所谓“政策企业家”这一新的政治参与主体,就是在总统、议员、党派等之外建构生成的“第三种人”。我国公共政策生成的制度环境与西方国家差异明显,根本无法为这种人提供活动空间。盲目将其理论“中国化”,势必损害我国政策制定的公正性,损害有志之士参政意愿甚至危及理论话语体系建构,也与“全过程人民民主”强调的三个“全过程”--人民参与、民主集中和民本民生背道而驰。

Since its appearence in the United States in the 1970s, the policy entrepreneur theory has been widely applied in the western world. At the end of the 20th century, the theory was introduced into China and a process of its “Sinicization” began. However, the policy entrepreneur theory is only a new strategy of deepening “capital intervention” in the west, and it is not universal. In essence, as modern capitalist party politics, electoral politics and parliamentary politics are increasingly questioned by the public, interest groups will always seek a more secure and hidden “spokesperson”. Therefore, the so-called “policy entrepreneurs” as a new main body of political participation, is generally a “third person” constructed outside the president, members of parliament, and the political parties. The institutional environment of Chinese public policies is obviously different from that of western countries, unable to provide space for such people. To blindly “Sinicize” the theory is bound to harm the fairness of Chinese policy-making, to reduce the will of people of insight to participate in politics, and even to endanger the construction of the theoretical discourse system;meanwhile, it also runs counter to the three “whole processes” emphasized by “whole-process people’s democracy”: people’s participation, democratic centralization, and people-oriented livelihood.