吴茱萸枝屑栽培榆黄蘑及其营养和安全性分析

Analysis of nutrition and safety of Pleurotus citrinipileatus cultivated by Evodia rutaecarpa sawdust

【目的】探究利用药用植物吴茱萸枝屑栽培榆黄蘑的可行性,筛选出以吴茱萸枝屑为主料的榆黄蘑适宜培养料配方,为吴茱萸修剪枝条的高值化利用提供参考依据。【方法】测定吴茱萸枝屑中硒(Se)、粗蛋白和有机质等含量,并以广西生产上采用的桑枝屑配方作为对照(CK),采用单因素试验分析不同比例(15.6%、31.2%、46.8%、62.4%和78.0%)吴茱萸枝屑代料栽培榆黄蘑对其菌丝生长、出菇效果及子实体产量的影响,并测定优选配方生产的子实体营养成分、重金属含量和农药残留等指标,评价其品质和安全性。【结果】吴茱萸枝屑含粗蛋白达8.03 g/100 g,比桑枝屑高87.18%,含Se达0.02 mg/kg,有机质、纤维素和半纤维素含量与桑枝屑差异较小;碳氮比(C/N)为34∶1,属于榆黄蘑子实体生长发育的适宜C/N。与CK相比,吴茱萸枝屑含量为46.8%的配方在出菇效果、子实体产量和品质等方面综合表现最佳,其菌丝生长旺盛,抗杂能力和出菇后劲较强,且第一茬采收时间和第二潮转潮时间显著缩短(P<0.05),平均转潮时间极显著缩短(P<0.01,下同);生物学转化率与CK差异不显著(P>0.05),但子实体的蛋白和粗多糖含量及氨基酸总量分别比CK极显著提高22.30%、11.84%和16.59%,其中,必需氨基酸和半必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的百分比分别达37.12%和7.99%,分别比CK提高10.89%和3.23%,且鲜味氨基酸和甜味氨基酸含量之和占氨基酸总量的百分比达57.42%;子实体含Se 0.24 mg/kg,均符合富硒食品行业标准和广西地方标准,铅(Pb)、总汞(Hg)、总砷(As)和铬(Cr)等重金属含量也符合国家食品安全标准,且未检出六六六、滴滴涕和毒死蜱等9种农药残留。【结论】吴茱萸枝屑是一种含Se且富含粗蛋白的优质榆黄蘑栽培基质。以吴茱萸枝屑为主料栽培榆黄蘑,在保障其产量的同时可获得安全性高、天然富Se且富含优质蛋白、粗多糖及鲜味和甜味氨基酸等营养成分的榆黄蘑产品。其中,吴茱萸枝屑含量为46.8%的栽培配方可在优质榆黄蘑生产上推广应用。

【Objective】The study aimed to explore application possibility of cultivating Pleurotus citrinipileatus with sawdust of Evodia rutaecarpa,a medicinal plant,and to screen out optimized substrates’formula,so as to provide reference for high value utilization of E.rutaecarpa branches.【Method】Content of main nutrient substances,including Selenium(Se),crude protein,organic matter,etc.,in E.rutaecarpa sawdust was tested,respectively.Taking the production formula in Guangxi with mulberry sawdust as control(CK),a single factor experiment was conducted to study the effects of substrate formulas with different proportions(15.6%,31.2%,46.8%,62.4%,78%)of E.rutaecarpa sawdust on mycelium growth,fruiting and yield in fruit bodies of P.citrinipileatus.Content of nutrient,heavy metal elements,residual pesticides in fruit bodies of optimized substrate formulas were measured and analyzed,respectively.【Result】E.rutaecarpa sawdust contained crude protein 8.03 g/100 g,which was 87.18%higher than that in mulberry sawdust,its Se content reached 0.02 mg/kg,and it showed little difference from mulberry sawdust in content of organic matter,cellulose,hemicellulose.Besides,the carbon-nitrogen ratio of E.rutaecarpa sawdust was 34∶1,suitable for P.citrinipileatus’s fruiting.Compared to CK,the treatment of substrate formula with 46.8%of E.rutaecarpa sawdust showed better comprehensive performance in fruiting and fruit bodies’yield and quality.It resulted in vigorous mycelial growth,stronger resistance to fungi and bacteria,better fruiting capability afterwards.Its harvest time of first flush,turning-tide time of the second flush was significantly shorter than those of CK(P<0.05),respectively,with significantly shorter average turning-tide time(P<0.01,the same as below).Although the treatment’s biological efficiency did not show significant difference from CK(P>0.05),the content of protein,crude polysaccharides and total content of amino acids in its fruit bodies was 22.30%,11.84%,16.59%significantly higher than CK,among which indispensable and semi-indispensable amino acids accounted for 37.12%,7.99%of total amino acids’content,10.89%,3.23%higher than CK,respectively.While the total content of umami and sweet amino acids accounted for 57.42%.Besides,Se content in the treatment’s fruit bodies reached 0.24 mg/kg,which was in compliance with the standards for Se-enriched foodstuff stipulated by the agricultural industry standard and Guangxi local standard.The results also showed that,the level of lead(Pb),total mercury(Hg),total arsenic(As),chromium(Cr)in the treatment’s fruit bodies was in compliance with the National Standard for Food Safety,respectively,and none of the 9 pesticides,including Benzene hexachlorid,Dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane,Chlorpyrifos,etc.,was detected.【Conclusion】E.rutaecarpa sawdust is a quality cultivation substrate with Se and high crude protein content for P.citrinipileatus.When P.citrinipileatus is cultivated with E.rutaecarpa sawdust as main substrate,safe and naturally selenium-enriched fruit bodies with high content of good-quality protein,crude polysaccharides,umami and sweet amino acid were produced,on the premise of good yield.Thus,the substrate formula with 46.8%of E.rutaecarpa sawdust can be extended for the cultivation of P.citrinipileatus.