中国关键矿产清单、应用与全球格局

List,Application and Global Pattern of Critical Minerals of China

关键矿产是指对经济社会发展和国家安全至关重要,由于供应短缺存在较大风险或者具有一定优势对全球供应具有较强影响力的矿产资源。当前国际贸易争端由经济领域、技术领域扩展到矿产资源领域,世界局势变化对中国矿产资源安全保障提出了新的挑战,也带来了新的机遇。简要介绍了具有代表性的美国、欧盟和日本关键矿产/原材料清单,并分析了当前关键矿产的竞争态势:一是美欧日关键矿产清单重合度高,二是美欧日均出台并实施供应链安全战略,三是关键矿产对碳中和进程至关重要。在此基础上提出了一份37种中国关键矿产建议清单,包括大宗矿产、三稀金属矿产、关键黑色有色贵金属矿产、战略非金属矿产和特种气体矿产。在这份清单中31种矿产与美国、欧盟、日本清单重合。文章还对37种关键矿产的应用领域,全球分布、生产和贸易格局等进行了概略研究。研究表明,这些关键矿产既是当今世界经济社会发展不可或缺的重要物质基础,也是战略性新兴产业、清洁能源、国防军工技术发展不可替代的重要物质保障。37种关键矿产中我国需要净进口的22种,净进口超过50%的19种,超过90%的10种;我国净出口的11种,净出口超过50%的5种,其中镓超过了90%。文章最后对中国关键矿产安全战略提出了建议:一是制订、公布并适时更新关键矿产清单;二是基于全产业链进行系统布局,掌握一批关键核心技术;三是统筹紧缺矿产和优势矿产,提高话语权和控制力;四是加强国内资源调查、勘查和选冶等技术攻关;五是建立关键矿产储备制度;六是加强海外资源勘查开发合作;七是完善相关法律制度。其中,基于全产业链布局、统筹紧缺与优势矿产和加大调查勘查力度等尤为重要。

Critical minerals refer to the mineral resources playing an essential role in our socio-economic development and national security.Some of them may have a great risks due to supply shortage,others may have a strong influence on global market due to our strong supply chains.At present,the international trade disputes have expanded from the economic and technological fields to the mineral resources.New challenges and new opportunities are faced to China’s security of mineral resources due to continue changes of world political and economic situation.Representative list of critical minerals/raw materials of the United States,the European Union and Japanese briefly introduced,and the present competitive situation of critical minerals in the world is analyzed in this contribution.Firstly,the list of critical minerals in various countries overlaps highly with each other.Secondly,major powers have put forward and implemented strategies to strengthen their security of supply chain.Thirdly,critical minerals are essential to the process of carbon neutrality.In this context,a recommended list of 37 critical minerals of China was put forward,including bulk minerals,three-type rare(rare,rare earth and rarely scattered)metal minerals,ferrous-nonferrous-precious metals minerals,strategic non-metallic minerals and special gas minerals.31 of which coincide with the lists of the United States,the European Union and Japan.A general study on the application fields,global spatial distribution,production and trade patterns of the 37 critical minerals are carried out in this paper.The results indicate that these critical minerals are not only an indispensable material basis for the economic and social development of the world today,but also an irreplaceable material guarantee for the development of strategic emerging industries,clean energy,national defense and military technology.Among the 37 critical minerals,22 are net imports,19 are over 50%net imports,and 10 are over 90%net imports.And 11 critical minerals are of net exports,5 are over 50%net exports,especially gallium is over 90%net exports.At the end of this paper,the security strategy of China’s critical minerals is discussed.Firstly,the list of critical minerals should be formulated,published and updated timely.Secondly,a number of key core technologies should be mastered and systematically arranged based on the whole industrial chain.Thirdly,arrangements for the scarce and advantageous minerals should be made overall to improve the right of speech and control.Fourthly,the technical breakthroughs of the domestic resources in the stage of survey,exploration,mineral processing and smelting and others should be strengthened.Fifthly,the critical minerals reserve system should be established.Sixthly,the cooperation in the exploration and development of overseas resources should be strengthened.Seventhly,the relevant legal system should be improved.Among them,it is particularly important to arrange the entire industrial chain,plan the scarce and advantageous minerals as a whole and increase the survey and exploration efforts.